高考閱讀理解題該如何做
我們所做的細節題也會應了一句話，細節決定成敗！那我們要怎麼做呢？用我們中國人的老話說就是知己知彼方能百戰百勝，什麼是細節題呢？所謂細節題，是指原文提到了某事物、現象或理論，題幹針對原文具體敘述本身發問。
高考閱讀題之事實細節題
一般包括直接理解題（在原文中可直接找到答案。常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提問或用與此相類似的詞填空。說明文和敘述文的思考題有相當於部分是此類題）及語義轉化題（需要將題目信息與原文相關信息進行語義上的轉換，兩者存在表達上的差異，有時需要進行加工或整理後方能得出結論。）
這類題型的題幹常爲：
1) When/Where did the story happen?
2) Which of the following statements is (not) correct?
3) Which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the passage?
4) Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?
5) All the statements are true except.
該題型幾乎都可以在文章中直接找到與答案有關的信息，或是其變體。所以，搜查信息在閱讀中非常重要，它包括理解作者在敘述某事時使用的具體事實、數據、圖表等細節信息。在一篇短文裏大部分篇幅都屬於這類圍繞主體展開的細節。做這類題一般採用尋讀法，即先讀題，然後帶着問題快速閱讀短文，找出與問題有關的詞語或句子，再對相關部分進行分析對比，找出答案。弄清細節、準確獲取信息，也是把握文章中心思想的前提。
細節專題一：排序題
此類試題的考查形式是在選項中列舉一些具體的事實，然後對上面的事實進行排序。要求考生根據動作發生的先後順序、時間順序以及句子之間的邏輯關係，找出事件發生、發展的正確順序。考生可以先找出最早的一個時間和事件，把它作爲事件發生的具體點，然後使用排除法將範圍一一縮小，從而快速地選出正確答案。
例1：In the 19th century England people liked to go to the seaside. In those days, ladies wore long bathing dresses, and men wore bathing suits. Women did not walk about on the beach(沙灘)in their bathing dresses. They hired a bathing machine. A bathing machine was used for changing in, and for taking the bather down to the sea. It cost 2 pence(便士) to hire a machine and an attendant(侍者). When she had paid, the bather climbed up the back steps and got into the bathing machine . Then she changed into her bathing dress. When she had changed, the machine was pulled down to the sea. The bathing machine stoped in the water and the bather went down the front steps into the water. If she did not want to get into the sea, the attendant pulled her in.
①In 19th century people who used the bathing machine usually did the following things. Which is the right order for doing them?
a. Changing into bathing clothes b. Getting out of the bathing machine
c. Paying 2 pence d. Getting into the bathing machine
e. Being taken down the beach f. Getting into the water
A. e, d, a, b, f, c
B. c, d, a, e, b, f
C. c, d, e, a, b, f
D. d, a, e, b, f, c
[分析]答案B 題目要求找出利用bathing machine游泳的程序，顯然，租用一個bathing machine是要先付錢的，所以 c就是第一個動作，下水 f 應該是最後一個動作了。這樣用排除法就可以排除 A和 D 項。再看 B和C項，從第一段倒數第三句可知先a後e，故選 B。
細節專題二：計算題
計算題也是近幾年高考中常考的內容，此類試題是在文章中直接表現出來細節事實，有的要經過具體的計算才能夠得出正確的答案。具體的計算題可以是對年代的計算、月份的計算或比例的計算等。文章中經常會出現許多數字，它們對解題產生一定的影響。解答此類試題的方法是先來理解文章的大意，然後經過對比、分析、計算等就能夠得出正確的答案了。
例2：Degree
We offer a wide choice of bachelors degrees (學位) for international students, which includes: Arts, Communication Studies, Social Sciences, etc. Bachelor of Music and Bachelor of Education are only for New Zealand citizens, for further information: .
Tuition Fees(學費)
Tuition fees are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: .
Accommodation(住宿)
You can have a room in a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information: acc@waikato.
Health
The Student Health Service provides excellent medical services for students. The Medical Centre is open five days a week, including student holidays with four doctor's and nurses to meet your medical needs. For further information: .
Sports
The Centre is a great place to have sports activities. Trained exercise teachers can help you work out a training plan and keep you active. The sports hall has volleyball, basketball and indoor football courts and a swimming pool as well. There are also a large number of sports clubs at Waikato. For further information: sport@ （2005安徽卷）
②You have to pay at least ______ a year if you study at the University of Waikato.
A. $5,250 B. $8,000 C. $9,000 D. $11,000
[分析]B此題爲計算題。我們從所選的這些事實來看，文章中所說的Tuition Fees 每年需要from $5,000 to $6,000，而a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month，一年需要$1200,另外的other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person經過計算可以知道一年需要$1800，加起來一年至少需要$8000。
細節專題三：圖形題
在有圖形試題的閱讀理解中，有的圖形出現在閱讀理解文章中，有的出現在選項中，這些圖片的出現增加了試題的直觀性，同時也暗含着和文章內容相關的信息。在解答此類試題的時候，一定要把握圖形中所暗含的信息，特別是有些事實是通過圖片來敘述的，我們可以採用按圖尋找正確答案的方法。
例3：The Channel Islands are a group of British-owned islands lying in the English Channel(海峽), 10 to 30 miles off the French coast, and 70 to 90 miles from the English coast. There are ten islands with a total land area of 75 square miles and a total population of 123,000. The three largest islands, Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney, have long been known for the fine breeds(品種)of cattle that are raised on them and named after them.
In earliest known history the islands were considered part of Normandy, which was part of France, but the ruler of Normandy became king of England in 1066, and from then on the islands were looked upon as British land. English control was unbroken until World War II, when the Germans held the islands for five years.
Although people on the islands speak both languages and they are considered English, their customs are more French than English.（2000年北京春季）
③Which of the following maps gives the right position of the Channel Islands?
Br = Britain Fr = France Ch = Channel Islands
[分析]C這是一道識圖題。從第一段：The Channel Islands are a group of British-owned islands lying in the English Channel(海峽), 10 to 30 miles off the French coast, and 70 to 90 miles from the English coast.可以推斷選項C正確地表達了The Channel Islands的位置
細節專題四：其它類型
例4：Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510miles southwest of its nearest neighbor, St. Helena, and 1,950miles west of Africa. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral（葡萄牙海軍上將）of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred.
Coming in a close second –- and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant land —— is Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America.
The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called moai, for which the island is most famous.
On Easter Sunday, 1772, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. Today, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory （智利領土）. They share on street, a small airport, and a few hours of television per day.（2003年全國）
④It can be learned from the text that the island of Tristan da Cunha _____________.
A．was named after its discoverer B．got its name from Holland settlers
C．was named by the British government D．got its name from the Guinness Book of Records
[分析]本篇選材涉及地理，爲我們介紹了兩座最爲偏遠的小島(farthest／most distant inhabited islands)，一爲吉尼斯大全(Guinness Book of Records)所認定的Tristan da Cunha；另一爲復活島(Easter lsland)．文中出現了比較多的專有名詞．
本題問及Tristan da Cunha小島的命名．如能通過瀏覽把握本文篇章結構，則可看出，關於該島的內容都在第1段：運用尋讀(SCANNING)技巧可以找到與本題相關的線索 (關鍵詞name)出現在該段結尾句裏，通讀全句可以得出答案：Discovered by the Portuguese admiral of the same name (as the island)．．．，與選項A一致．[答案] A
⑤Which of the following is most famous for moai?
A．Tristan da Cunha. B．Pitcairn Island.． C. Easter Island. D．St. Helena.
[分析]本題涉及關於moai( = stone figures)的一個細節問題：其所在地．4個選項均爲島名，因此不能依此線索查找．要按題幹中所問，從第3段裏找到moai所在的島；但這裏僅提到 the island，循此線索往上追尋：(3段結尾)the island = (3段開頭)the mountainous 64-squaremile sland = (2段中)Easter lsland，即爲答案．
[答案] C
⑥Which country does Easter Island belong to?
A．Britain. B．Holland. C．Portugal. D．Chile.
[分析]本題考查復活島今日的歸屬問題．題幹提問中使用的現在時態也是不容忽視的．問的是現在情況，不是過去．第4段中間提到Today．Chilean territory，與答案D吻合．
另外3個國家中，有的與此島並不相干(A．Britain；C．Portugal)；有的則只是歷史上的過客(B．Holland)．最大幹擾項爲B項．這些誤選者顯然只注意了短文結尾段中的On Easter Sunday，1722，however，settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name，卻忽略了其中的時間因素，同樣，也沒能對於緊接此後的Today，2，000 people live on the Chilean territory予以足夠關注，對於時態變化所傳遞的信息差異意識不夠導致了這些考生在理解上的偏差，因而失誤．
[答案]D
例5：When she looked ahead. Florence Chadwick saw nothing but a solid wall of fog. Her body was numb. She had been swimming for nearly sixteen hours. Already she was the first woman to swim the English Channel in both directions. Now at the age of 34, her goal was to become the first woman to swim from Catalina to the California coast.
On that fourth of July morning 1952, the sea was like an ice bath and the fog was so dense. She could hardly see her support boats. Sharks cruised toward her figure, only to be driven away by rifle shots. Against the frigid grip of the sea, she struggled on, hour after hour, while millions watched on national television.
Alongside Florence in one of the boats, her mother and here trainer offered encouragement. They told her it wasnt much farther. But all she could see was fog. They urged her not to quit. She never had until then. With only a half mile to go, she asked to be pulled out.
⑦What does she never hadin the third paragraph mean?
A. She had never been so desperate. B. She had never thought of giving it up.
C. She had never seen such thick fog. D. She had never swum across the strait before.
[分析]根據上下文they urged her not to quit,以及with only a half mile to go, she asked to be pulled out. 可以推斷出，她當時並沒有想放棄，只不過是後來情況變化了。答案：B
