託福閱讀練習及詳細解析：ArtisansandIndustrialization
從今天起，小編給大家整理了一些新托福考試經典閱讀練習題。要知道閱讀一直就是英語考試中的重中之重，所以一定要勤加練習。今天給大家分享一篇名爲“ARTISANS AND INDUSTRIALIZATION”的文章。
託福閱讀練習及詳細解析：Artisans and Industrialization
Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.
The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to working in factories did not occur easily. Before the rise of the factory, artisans had worked within the home. Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they could become respected master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time.
The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of productivity. The new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time. Factory life necessitated a more regimented schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant pace. At the same time, workers were required to discard old habits, for industrialism demanded a worker who was alert, dependable, and self-disciplined. Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.
The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about "obedience to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we are so many living machines." With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community. Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management. Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan's dream of setting up one's own business. Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life. Craft workers such as carpenters, printers, and tailors formed unions, and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades' Union. The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, labor's strength collapsed. During hard times, few workers were willing to strike_or engage in collective action. And skilled craft workers, who spearheaded the union movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with semiskilled factory workers and unskilled laborers. More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 185O’s, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike, but these gains had little immediate impact.
Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics. For them, the factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives. As United States society became more specialized and differentiated, greater extremes of wealth began to appear. And as the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.
Paragraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. After 181 5 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.
1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about articles manufactured before 1815?
○They were primarily produced by women.
○They were generally produced in shops rather than in homes.
○They were produced with more concern for quality than for speed of production.
○They were produced mostly in large cities with extensive transportation networks.
Paragraph 2: The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to working in factories did not occur easily. Before the rise of the factory, artisans had worked within the home. Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they could become respected master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time.
2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○ Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly.
○The responsibilities of the master to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade.
○ Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger family members.
○ Masters who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence from them.
Paragraph 3: The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of productivity. The new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time. Factory life necessitated a more regimented schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant pace. At the same time, workers were required to discard old habits, for industrialism demanded a worker who was alert, dependable, and self-disciplined. Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.
3. The word disrupted in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Prolonged
○Established
○Followed
○Upset
Paragraph 4: The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about "obedience to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we are so many living machines." With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community. Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management. Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan's dream of setting up one's own business. Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in status.
4. In paragraph 4, the author includes the quotation from a mill worker in order to
○Support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factories
○To show that workers sometimes quit because of the loud noise made by factory machinery
○Argue that clocks did not have a useful function in factories
○ Emphasize that factories were most successful when workers revealed their complaints
5. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as consequences of the new system for workers EXCEPT a loss of
○Freedom
○Status in the community
○Opportunities for advancement
○Contact among workers who were not managers
Paragraph 5: In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life. Craft workers such as carpenters, printers, and tailors formed unions, and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades' Union. The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, labor's strength collapsed. During hard times, few workers were willing to strike_or engage in collective action. And skilled craft workers, who spearheaded the union movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with semiskilled factory workers and unskilled laborers. More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 185O’s, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike, but these gains had little immediate impact.
6. The phrase gathered some momentum in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Made progress
○Became active
○Caused changes
○Combined forces
7. The word spearheaded in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Led
○Accepted
○Changed
○Resisted
8. Which of the following statements about the labor movement of the 1800's is supported by paragraph 5?
○It was most successful during times of economic crisis.
○Its primary purpose was to benefit unskilled laborers.
○It was slow to improve conditions for workers.
○It helped workers of all skill levels form a strong bond with each other.
Paragraph 6: Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics. For them, the factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives. As United States society became more specialized and differentiated, greater extremes of wealth began to appear. And as the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.
9. The author identifies political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics as two of several factors that
○Encouraged workers to demand higher wages
○Created divisions among workers
○Caused work to become more specialized
○Increased workers' resentment of the industrial system
10. The word them in the passage refers to
○Workers
○Political patty loyalties
○Disagreements over tactics
○Agents of opportunity
Paragraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. ■As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. ■In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. ■After 181 5 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.
11. Look at the four squares ■ that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers. Where would the sentence best fit?
○Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers. As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. ■In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. ■After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.
○Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. ■As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers. In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. ■After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.
○Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. ■As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. ■In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers. After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.
○Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. ■As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. ■In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. ■After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of p transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.
12. Directions: Complete the table below by indicating which of the answer choices describe characteristics of the period before 1815 and which describe characteristics of the 1815-1 860 period. This question is worth 3 points.
Before 1815
●
●
1815-1850
●
●
●
Answer choices
A united, highly successful labor movement took shape.
Workers took pride in their workmanship.
The income gap between the rich and the poor increased greatly.
Transportation networks began to decline.
Emphasis was placed on following schedules.
Workers went through an extensive period of training.
Few workers expected to own their own businesses.
參考答案：
1. ○3
This is an Inference question asking for an inference that can be supported by the passage. The correct answer is choice 3, "They were produced with more concern for quality than for speed of production." A number of statements throughout the passage support choice 3. Paragraph 1 states that "Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans . . . After 18 15 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers." Paragraph 2 states that "Before the rise of the factory . . . skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time." Paragraph 3 states, "The factory changed s produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of productivity." Taken together, these three statements, about production rates, the rise of factories after 18 15, and the decline of craftsmanship after 18 15, support the inference that before 18 15, the emphasis had been on quality rather than on speed of production. Answer choices 1, 2, and 4 are all contradicted by the passage.
2. ○2
This is a Sentence Simplification question. As with all of these items, a single sentence in the passage is highlighted: Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior. The correct answer is choice 2. Choice 2 contains all of the essential information in the highlighted sentence. The highlighted sentence explains why (part of the family) and how (education, moral behavior) a master's responsibility went beyond teaching a trade. The essential information is the fact that the master's responsibility went beyond teaching a trade. Therefore, choice 2 contains all that is essential without changing the meaning of the highlighted ce 1 changes the meaning of the highlighted sentence b~ stating that masters often treated apprentices ce 3 contradicts the essential meaning of the highlighted sentence. The fact that "Apprentices were considered part of the family . . . " suggests that they were not actual family ce 4, like choice 3, changes the meaning of the highlighted sentence by discussing family members as apprentices.
3. ○4
This is a Vocabulary question. The word being tested is disrupted. It is highlighted in the passage. The correct answer is choice 4, "upset." The word "upset" here is used in the context of "hurting productivity." When something is hurt or damaged, it is "upset."
4. ○1
This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found in paragraph 4. The correct answer is choice I, "support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factories." The paragraph begins by stating that workers did not adopt new attitudes toward work easily and that the clock symbolized the new work rules. The author provides the quotation as evidence of that difficulty. There is no indication in the paragraph that workers quit due to loud noise, so choice 2 is incorrect. Choice 3 (usefulness of clocks) is contradicted by the paragraph. The factory clock was "useful," but workers hated it. Choice 4 (workers complaints as a cause of a factory's success) is not discussed in this paragraph.
5. ○4
This is a Negative Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found in paragraph 4. Choice 4, "contact among workers who were not managers," is the correct answer. The paragraph explicitly contradicts this by stating that "factories sharply separated workers from management." The paragraph explicitly states that workers lost choice I (freedom), choice 2 (status in the community), and choice 3 (opportunities for advancement) in the new system, so those choices are all incorrect.
6. ○1
This is a Vocabulary question. The phrase being tested is "gathered some momentum." It is highlighted in the passage. The correct answer is choice I, "made progress." To "gather momentum" means to advance with increasing speed.
7. ○1
This is a Vocabulary question. The word being tested is spearheaded. It is highlighted in the passage. The correct answer is choice 1, "led." The head of a spear leads the rest of the spear, so the crafts workers who "spearheaded" this movement led it.
8. ○3
This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found in paragraph 5. The correct answer is choice 3, "It was slow to improve conditions for workers." The paragraph states, "More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 1850's, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike, but these gains had little immediate impact." This statement explicitly supports choice 3. All three other choices are contradicted by the paragraph.
9. ○2
This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information about a particular phrase in the passage. The phrase in question is highlighted in the passage. The correct answer is choice 2, "created divisions among workers." The paragraph states (emphasis added): " . . . they (workers) were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender; conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political part loyalties, and disagreements over tactics." So "political party loyalties and disagreements over tactics'' are explicitly stared as two causes of division among workers. The other choices are not stated and are incorrect.
10. ○1
This is a Reference question. The word being tested is them. It is highlighted in the passage. This is a simple pronoun-referent item. The word them in this sentence refers to those people to whom "the factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives." Choice 1, "Workers," is the only choice that refers to this type of person, so it is the correct answer.
11. ○4
This is an Insert Text question. You can see the four black squares in paragraph 1 that represent the possible answer choices here. Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. ■ As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. ■ In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. W After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. ■ Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production. The sentence provided, "This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers," is best inserted at square 4. The inserted sentence refers explicitly to "a new form of manufacturing." This "new form of manufacturing" is the one mentioned in the sentence preceding square 4, "factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers." The inserted sentence then explains that this new system depended on "the movement of goods to distant locations and a centralized source of laborers." The sentence that follows square 4 goes on to say, "Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production." Thus the inserted sentence contains references to both the sentence before square 4 and the sentence after square 4. This is not true of any of the other possible insert points, so square 4 is the correct answer.
12. ○○Before 1815: 2 6 1815-1850: 3 5 7
This is a Fill in a Table question. It is completed correctly below. The correct choices for the "Before 18 15" column are 2 and 6. Choices 3, 5, and 7 belong in the "1815-1 850" column. Choices 1 and 4 should not be used in either column.
託福閱讀難度及題型的信息
機考模式
新託福閱讀考試分兩種模式：Short Format以及Long Format。前者歷時60分鐘，要求學生在規定時間裏完成三篇閱讀約36-42道題目;而後者則將考試時間拉長至100分鐘，按需完成60-70道題目。
本來這對學生來說只是“小菜一碟”，但自從新託福將考試形式由筆試改爲電腦操作，這對很多人來說無疑是“當頭一棒”。也許對大多數人來說看幾個小時的網上新聞或是打上半天的遊戲都不是什麼新鮮事兒，但面對屏幕做上一兩個小時的題目倒真不是隨便可以信手拈來的。
建議各位正在準備託福 閱讀備考的同學，平時要養成習慣通過電腦來閱讀，至於閱讀的內容將會在第四個點裏再作詳細介紹。關於這一點的備考和寫作的備考策略是一致的，大家可以結合起來一起準備。
考試強度
無論是Short Format還是Longre Format，託福閱讀考試強度上對考生的要求都是相當大的，新託福閱讀部分每篇文章字數增至了700字左右。然而，在新託福閱讀當中，對於初學者來說最難的不是單詞，而是要求在規定時間裏完成規定的題數。
新託福閱讀不同於CET4，CET6，與高考也有很大區別，因爲CET4、CET6與高考的閱讀考試大都是提供約4-5篇文章，然後出20道選擇題，要求考生根據所讀文章答題。最大的不同在於這些考試都沒有要求做完每個科目考試所用的時間。
因此很多同學在一開始做託福 閱讀的時候，十分不適應託福閱讀的時間限制，有的人甚至在考前都沒有克服這個問題。有的同學在考試前總是按一篇文章來練，認爲自己在20分鐘內(按總的時間平均分配到每篇閱讀文章的用時)完成12-14題綽綽有餘。但問題在於托福考試並非一篇一篇來考，而是將3篇或5篇看作一個整體來考驗學生對強度的適應能力。
由此建議考生在託福 閱讀備考期間一定要養成3篇一練或者5篇一練的習慣，培養自己在規定時間裏完成儘可能多的題數，並保證一定的正確率。
有很多的專業考生，因爲平時課業負擔較大，可用於支配學習託福的時間有限，希望在考前通過高強度的課程學習來提高考試成績。
針對基礎較好短期內需要考試的學生，我們推薦學生採用75%的正課佔比，側重於個性化的考試應對，針對自己薄弱的地方，對症下藥，並輔以適量的配套訓練來檢測學習效果，確保對知識點的掌握。
託福閱讀題型變化
考試題型的主要變化在於題型中增加了詞彙解釋題、填表、插入句子和完成段落等。根據新託福閱讀測試的目的，考生需要在平時訓練中着重培養和加強三種閱讀技能，即信息定位能力、速讀理解能力和研讀整理能力，來幫助自己適應新題型。
這一點表現出新托福考試閱讀明顯雅思化，因此增加題目並不意味着增加難度，其難度體現在考生對題型的熟悉程度。可以說，新託福閱讀內容的難度降低，於是便通過題型變化增加難度，因此閱讀理解部分並不需要過於擔心，關鍵是瞭解題型。
知識面和信息量
大家都知道，做題基於託福 閱讀讀文章的基礎之上，因此增進閱讀能力會對完成題目起到至關重要的作用。在備考階段，大家要多讀各類題材的文章。新託福閱讀測試的選材大多涉及自然科學 (天文、地質、生物學等)、人文和社會科學(文學、歷史、人類學、社會學等)以及藝術和商務等學科領域。多閱讀這些文章，一方面可以瞭解相關的常識和背景知識，同時可藉此機會熟悉不同學科的常用詞彙。
各類書籍、報刊及網上文章都可以選擇作爲練習閱讀的材料，如果是選取帶有一定學術性的文章或大學教材則是再好也沒有了。這一點大家可以結合適應“機考”這一變化來共同實現更多地去選擇在電腦上閱讀文章而非實際的報紙或雜誌。
託福閱讀只要找出最優選項即可
託福閱讀不管複習的如何也不管考試時你是怎麼做的託福閱讀試題，只要結果對了就好，那麼這時一些託福閱讀技巧可能就非常有用了，下面就來看看具體該如何做選擇的的方法，希望對大家有所幫助。
在進行託福閱讀訓練的時候，如果你只是堅持找關鍵詞，卻忽視了其他的一些短語，尋找題目中的詞語在文章中是否出現，那麼你的託福閱讀分數是很難提升的。注意關鍵詞不是託福閱讀考試的一切。
這裏必須承認，當正確答案是原文重現的時候，我們去採用，原文當中出現的詞，在正確答案之中也出現，這種做題方法，從理論上是說得通的。但是事情往往不是這麼簡單!這裏有可能出現問題的點，就是在於“最優選項”。
所謂的託福閱讀試題最優選項，一種可能形式與原文更爲接近的選項。另一種可能性，則是排除掉其中3個錯誤答案，最後得到那個與原文關係不大，但是也沒有明顯錯誤的選項。
這裏很顯然，最優選項之中的正確答案，都不是可以通過簡單的尋找哪個選項之中的詞，在原文之中也出現這種方法來解決的。而且考慮到中國考生在閱讀之中必須拿到27分以上的成績，因此，細節題和句子簡化題是絕對不被允許錯的!因此，這種通過簡單的尋找一一對應的詞彙的方法也是行不通的。
此路不通，另尋他路。那這種託福閱讀技巧是什麼?其實很簡單，就是讀懂!哪怕你不能完全懂，退而求其次，其中的邏輯關係一定要懂!或者說，對於託福閱讀來說，核心的內容就是要弄清其中的邏輯關係。不過，句子之中的邏輯關係，並不是簡單的so，because這些連詞，裏面的邏輯更多指的是，各種動詞所體現出來的因果關係，這纔是核心。
換句話說，在準備託福閱讀的時候，應該盡一切可能去讀懂每一個句子之中的每一點細節，只有這樣纔是拿到高分的捷徑!而不是，去通過隻言片語進行猜測，通過猜測考託福，只能是死路一條。
託福閱讀練習及詳細解析：Artisans and Industrialization
