動詞 ed和動詞 ing用法怎麼用
動詞-ed和動詞-ing用法怎麼用
1、定義
動詞-ed和動詞-ing形式常稱作分詞。他們既有動詞的特徵，又有形容詞和副詞的特徵，在英語中可以作定語、狀語、表語和賓語補足語。
2、構成
(1)規則的動詞後+ed構成動詞-ed形式，不規則的需要記憶。動詞-ed形式沒有一般式和完成式、主動語態和被動語態的變化。
(2)動詞-ing形式有一般式和完成式、主動語態和被動語態區別。
下列以及物動詞write和不及物動詞go列表示例：
write
go
主 動 被 動
動詞-ing一般式 writing being written going
動詞-ing完成式 having written having been written
動詞-ed written gone
3、用法
(1)作定語
單個的分詞作定語，一般置於所修飾的詞前;分詞短語作定語置於所修飾的詞後，相當於一個定語從句。如：
Many excited people wanted to travel on the underground.
許多興奮的人們想乘地鐵旅行。
The countries you referred to just now belong to developing countries.
你剛纔提到的那些國家屬於發展中國家。
People developed a kind of paper made from the fibers of plants.
=People developed a kind of paper which/that was made from the fibers of plants.
人們研製出一種用植物纖維製成的紙。
The houses being built are for the teachers.
=The houses which/that are being built are for the teachers.
正在(被)建的那些房子是給老師們的。
The little boy standing over there is a classmate of mine.
站在那邊的小男孩是我班的同學。
* 不定式、過去分詞和現在分詞作定語的區別
不定式作定語一般表示將來的動作;現在分詞作定語常表示正在進行的動作;過去分詞作定語表示過去的動作。如：
The problem to be discussed tomorrow is very important.
The problem discussed yesterday is very important.
The problem being discussed now is very important.
(2)作狀語
a)分詞作狀語的基本原則
分詞作狀語時，分詞的邏輯主語必須與句子的主語保持一致。分詞作狀語時，必須與句中的主語含有邏輯上的主謂關係或動賓關係。
b)分詞作狀語形式的選擇
形 式 意 義
v.+-ing (doing) 與句中主語構成邏輯上的主謂關係，與句中謂語動詞同時發生，或基本上同時發生。
having+v.-ed
(having done)
與句中主語構成邏輯上的主謂關係，先於謂語動詞發生。
v.+-ed (done) 與句中主語構成邏輯上的動賓關係。
being +v.-ed
(being done) 與句中主語構成邏輯上的動賓關係，且與謂語動詞同時發生，一般作原因狀語置於句首。
having been+
v-ed
(having been
done)
與句中主語構成邏輯上的動賓關係，且先於謂語動詞發生。
c) 分詞作狀語的句法功能
分詞在句中作狀語時，可以表示時間、原因、結果、條件、方式、伴隨等。分詞作狀語相當於一個狀語從句。如：
Hearing the news，we got excited. (=When we heard the news，we got excited.)
Given more time，I can do it better.(=If I am given more time，I can do it better.)
Having been told many times，he still made the same mistake.
(=After he had been told many times，he still made the same mistake. )
Not having understood the problem， Betty went to the teacher for help.
(=Because Betty had not understood the problem，she went to
the teacher for help.)
They went home earlier than usual today，leaving the work unfinished.
The teacher came into the lab，followed by some students.
(=The teacher came into the lab and was followed by the students.)
(3) 作表語
通常情況下現在分詞作表語說明主語的性質特徵;過去分詞作表語說明主語的狀態
兼有被動之意。如：
The situation here is encouraging and we are encouraged.
Our classroom is very crowded.
After dinner，the boy remained standing beside the table.
(4) 作賓語補足語
分詞作賓語補足語，主要跟在一些感官動詞和使役動詞的後面。如：
You’d better have your hair cut if you are free tomorrow.
The lady found her valuable necklace missing after the party.
Don’t keep the boy standing outside.
4、關於動詞-ed和動詞-ing用法的幾點說明
(1)動詞-ed和動詞-ing的否定形式由not加分詞構成。否定詞not永遠在動詞-ed或動詞-ing的前面。如：
Not having done it well，I tried again.
Not caring about his health，the old engineer carried on his plan.
His not having finished the work on time，he was punished by the boss.
(2)通常分詞作狀語時 ，分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語保持一致。如：
Having finished her work，David’s mother went home.
(= After David’s mother finished her work，she went home.)
*當分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語不一致時，分詞必須有自己的主語。如：
His glasses broken，he couldn’t see the words on the blackboard clearly.
There being no had to walk home after school.
(3)表示時間關係、條件關係等分詞短語有時可以由連詞when/while或if/unless等引導。如：When first introduced to the market，these products enjoyed great success.
I won’t go to the party unless invited.
(4)有時可用“with(without)+名詞(或代詞)+分詞”的結構表示伴隨狀況。如：
The thief was brought in，with his hand tied behind.
