託福句子簡化題解題技巧
句子簡化題是託福閱讀的必考題。要求考生從四個選項中選出最接近原句主要意思的一個。原句通常在文中以加粗的黑體呈現。下面小編給大家帶來如何解答託福閱讀句子簡化題的內容。
託福句子簡化題怎麼做更好
找到原句中的關鍵的詞在選項當中進行同義替換。例如In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart fromthe rest of the animal kingdom.
Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.
B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.
C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.
D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.
先來看題幹：Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
該題要求從選項中選擇一個能夠表達原文陰影句子核心信息的句子。很多同學採用翻譯的方法做題，即首先翻譯原句，然後逐個翻譯四個選項。這種做法不僅浪費時間，而且對我們的讀句子的能力要求極高。更好的做法是，首先判斷句子的核心信息。這是考題當中爲數不多的原句比較簡單的句子釋義題，原句的核心概念在於強調區分(apart from)。因此找到同義替換，即是C項當中的distinguished。但是大多數題目的原文不會是一個簡單句，多數是帶有邏輯關係的複雜句。那麼簡單的同義替換技巧就無法操作了。如何快速解決這種題型呢?我們主要分兩個部分來解析。
其實，我們在讀原句的時候並不需要完整的徹底的攝取信息，相反，我們通過快速瀏覽，只需要關注兩個關鍵點：一是原句當中的表示程度，頻率的詞，二是原句當中的邏輯關係。並不需要吸收所有信息，只需要快速瀏覽將所關注的信息點抓住即可，這樣便節省了大量的時間。
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.
Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.
B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth.
C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.
D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.
解題思路：
句子中最核心的信息首先就是該句的邏輯關係。原句的邏輯關係可以由result from 來判斷，爲因果關係。藉此我們就可以縮小選項範圍，首先排除掉C,D選項。剩下的A,B兩個選項均包含因果的邏輯關係。接下來我們可以根據句子的第二種核心信息：主語，來判斷。原句的主語是Desertification沙漠化，而B項的主語是Slowing down the process of desertification減緩沙漠化進程。所以排除掉B選項，A爲正確答案。
將通過程度詞解題和藉助邏輯關係解題結合起來，對於解答帶有邏輯關係的複雜句的釋義題很有幫助。我們看一下下面這道題目：
It is one of the most important sensations because it is translated into a negative reaction, such as withdrawal from danger.
Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Escaping from danger is a negative reaction, but it is the most important thing an individual learns.
B. The ability to sense pain is extremely important because pain signals the body to respond to a threat.
C. Experiencing pain is one type of reaction to a negative stimulus; another type is avoiding danger.
D. We experience a lot of sensations, and the most important ones are translated into appropriate actions.
(本題節選自，新托福考試備考策略與模擬試題，羣言出版社，P150，第1題)
瀏覽原句，從because可以看出邏輯關係爲因果關係，並且原句當中有絕對化詞彙most。僅僅憑藉most這個程度很強的詞彙我們可以排除C選項。因爲原文當中帶有絕對化詞彙而選項中沒有，那麼這個選項爲必錯選項。接下來利用邏輯關係排除A項，A中爲轉折關係。而B恰恰有because 這個詞，此外B中的extremely可以作爲most的同義替換。正確答案爲B。
幾乎每一篇文章後面都會有一道釋義題，因此考生應加強練習。平時在閱讀文章，或者報刊雜誌的時候不僅僅要把注意力放在讀懂原文上，還應該注意原文的邏輯關係，培養根據邏輯關係思考的習慣。另外，一些程度詞的存在也會影響我們對原文的精確理解，平時閱讀的時候應當多加關注。
最詳細的託福閱讀句子簡化題解題法
句子簡化題重點考察了考生以下三個方面的能力：
一、快速找到原句及選項句的主要信息;
二、較好的句法及語法知識;
三、句子同義複述(在不改變原句意義前提下)。
句子簡化題的基本解題步驟爲：
1、讀原句，找出主要信息及主要邏輯;
2、讀選項，找出各句主要信息及主要邏輯;
3、比對，找出最接近原句選項，排除干擾選項，排除次要信息及錯誤邏輯。
要解答好句子簡化題，關鍵是要弄清楚原句及各選項之間的關係。
因爲各選項是由原句改寫而來的，我們需要把握原句與改寫句之間 “變” 與 “不變”的關係。
首先，我們來說說“不變”。 何謂“不變”? 哪些內容“不變”呢?
在句子簡化題中，不變指的是改寫後的句子，與原句相比，有一些方面是不能改變的。這些方面就是：一、主要信息;二、主要邏輯。
先談一下主要信息。由於句子簡化題的原句通常都是較爲複雜的長難句及複合句，即除了主要信息外，還包含很多的補充信息及次要信息，因而我們要善於區分哪些是主要信息，哪些是次要信息。要解決好這個問題，要求對語法現象中的主句從句有一定的把握。
我們以下面的題目爲例：
In 1972 paleontologists Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged
conventional wisdom with an opposing viewpoint, the punctuated equilibrium
hypothesis, which posits that species give rise to new species in relatively
sudden bursts, without a lengthy transition period.
Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the
highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important
ways or leave out essential information.
A)The punctuated equilibrium hypothes is challenged gradualism, which holds
that species evolve in relatively suddenbursts of brief duration.
B)The punctuated equilibrium hypothes is developed by Stephen Jay Gould and
Niles Eldredge was challenged in 1972.
C)In 1972 Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged gradualism by
positing that change from one species to another can not occur without a lengthy
transition period.
D)The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, in opposition to gradualism, holds
that transitions from one species to another occur in comparatively sudden
burst.
按照解題步驟，先看原句，原句的總體信息包含四點：
(1)In 1972 Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged conventional
wisdom;
(2)Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge bring out an opposing
viewpoint;
(3) The opposing viewpoint is called the punctuated equilibrium
hypothesis;
(4) The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis posits that species give rise to
new species in relatively sudden bursts, without a lengthy transition
period.
原句的主要信息在(3)與(4)，即提出的opposing viewpoint是什麼?punctuated equilibrium hypothesis
是什麼?
接下來我們去逐個分析選項的信息。
A選項後面的gradualism定語從句錯誤，因爲該定語從句定義的是原句的punctuated equilibrium
hypothesis，而非選項的gradualism，與原句主要信息衝突;
B選項與原句的第(1)點信息衝突，原句說的是Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge
“challenge”,而非Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge “ was challenged ”;
C 選項錯在後半部分“cannot occur without a lengthy transition period
”，雙重否定等於肯定，即”occur with a lengthy transition period”，這與原句第(4)點衝突;
最後看D選項的信息，總共兩點：
(1)The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis is in opposition to
gradualism;
(2) The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis holds that transitions from one
species to another occur in comparatively sudden burst.
這兩點與原句第(3)(4)點的主要信息剛好對應，因此選C.
需要注意的是，上面例題中的錯誤選項的錯誤很容易找到，是因爲其信息與原句的主要或次要信息對應錯誤，在實際考試中，有些選項的信息與原句能夠對應，但由於其對應的是原句的次要信息，在這種情況下，我們也需要將其排除，從而選擇更好地與原句主要信息對應的選項。
我們前文中還提到了在句子簡化題中，正確選項與原句之間，還有一個重要的方面不能改變，那就是主要邏輯。原句往往包含因果、轉折、讓步、對比等重要邏輯關係，在進行轉化或簡化時，這種邏輯關係不能失去，否則選項就與原句的主要信息與主要邏輯產生衝突。
我們以下面的題目爲例：
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of
land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great
difficulty of reversing or even slowing the h of the following best
expresses theessential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer
choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential
information.
A) Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard toreverse
and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.
B) Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of
population growth that has spread over large areas of land.
C) The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be
solved only if large numbers of peoplein various countries are involved in the
effort.
D) Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is
reduced in the vast areas affected.
按照解題步驟，先看原句的主幹The extreme seriousness…result from.. vast areas
of…tremendous numbers of… as well as thegreat difficulty
of…，原句中有一個重要的信號詞，即謂語動詞“result from”，表明了主要的因果邏輯關係，即 result from 前面部分是果，result
from後面部分是因。
選項A的後部分because ….剛好對應原句的因，because 前部分剛好對應果。所以選A。
B選項錯在把原句的兩個因，結合爲一個因，有出入;
C選項錯在沒有提及原句的因果關係，內容不切題;
D選項錯在沒有提及原句因果關係，內容不切題。
正如上面例題所示，原句中的因果、轉折等主要邏輯關係是隱性的而非選性的，所以考生要善於發現一些重要的信號詞如表示因果的result in，be
attributable to，reflect, given; considering; concerning等，表對比的before; prior to;
after等。
接着，我們說說“變”。“變”是指在在句子簡化或轉換時，正確選項可以對原句作出一些改變。“變”主要體現在：
(1)語法/結構可變 ;
(2)次要對象可省略;
(3)可以進行指代替換 。
如上面例題The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas
of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected , as well as from the
great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.原句的語法結構是主謂結構的簡單句，The
extreme seriousness… results from..而正確選項Desertification is a significant problem
becauseit is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great
numbers ofpeople. 是帶原因狀語從句的主從複合句。
如上面例題In 1972 paleontologists Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge
challenged conventional wisdom with an opposing viewpoint, the punctuated
equilibrium hypothesis, which posits that species give rise to new species in
relatively sudden bursts, without a lengthy transition period.原句提到了4點信息，而正確選項The
punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, in opposition to gradualism, holds that
transitions from one species to another occur in comparatively sudden
burst省略了次要信息In 1972 paleontologists Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge等。
託福閱讀原文練習：水形成
The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports,and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face of the Earth.
Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent of continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic network. This immense polarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea level.
The rate at which a molecule of water passes though the cycle is not random but is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for a water molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirs — atmosphere, continent, and ocean — we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water transport on the continents.
A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.
託福閱讀題目：
1. The word "modifying" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) changing
(B) traveling
(C) describing
(D) destroying
2. The word "which" in line 5 refers to
(A) clouds
(B) oceans
(C) continents
(D) compounds
rding to the passage , clouds are primarily formed by water
(A) precipitating onto the ground
(B) changing from a solid to a liquid state
(C) evaporating from the oceans
(D) being carried by wind
4. The passage suggests that the purpose of the "hydrographic network" (line 8) is to
(A) determine the size of molecules of water
(B) prevent soil erosion caused by flooding
(C) move water from the Earth's surface to the oceans
(D) regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers
5. What determines the rate at which a molecule of water moves through the cycle, as discussed in
the third paragraph?
(A) The potential energy contained in water
(B) The effects of atmospheric pressure on chemical compounds
(C) The amounts of rainfall that fall on the continents
(D) The relative size of the water storage areas
6. The word "rapidity" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) significance
(B) method
(C) swiftness
(D) reliability
7. The word "they" in line 24 refers to
(A) insoluble ions
(B) soluble ions
(C) soils
(D) continents
of the following are example of soluble ions EXCEPT
(A) magnesium
(B) iron
(C) potassium
(D) calcium
9. The word "efficiency" in line 27 is closest in meaning to
(A) relationship
(B) growth
(C) influence
(D) effectiveness
託福閱讀答案：
AACCD CABD
