醫學科普類英文文章

人民的身體健康素質,對於實現國家的崛起戰略具有重要意義。下面是本站小編帶來的醫學科普類英文文章，歡迎閱讀!

　醫學科普類英文文章1

Do Human Beings Carry Expiration Dates?

After celebrating her 60th year on the throne in style this pastweek, Britain's QueenElizabeth II can now look forward tobreaking some more records. She is already, at 86,Britain'soldest monarch (were she to die now, her son wouldimmediately be the 12th oldest) Sept. 10, 2015, she wouldpass Queen Victoria to become the longest-reigning monarchinBritish history. To beat Louis XIV (who succeeded to the throneat the age of 4) for thelongest reign in European history, she would have to live to 98.

Elizabeth II is still going strong, but the maximum human lifespan isn't rising at anythinglike therate of average life expectancy, which is rushing upward globally at the rate of aboutthree monthsa year, mainly because of progress against premature mortality. Indeed, we mayalready have hitsome kind of limit for maximum lifespan -- perhaps because natural selection,with its strict focus onreproductive success, has no particular need to preserve genes thatwould keep us going to 150.

The oldest woman in the world, Besse Cooper, a retired schoolteacher in Georgia, will be116 onAug. 26, according to the Gerontology Research Group, an organization that studiesaging issues. That's a great age, but it's a hefty six years short of the record: 122 years and164 days, set byJeanne Calment of France in 1997. In other words, if Mrs. Cooper can getthere, Mrs. Calment'srecord will have stood for 21 years; if she can't, maybe longer.

That's a long time, considering that there are now nearly a half million centenarians alive intheworld. That number has been going up 7% a year, but the number of those over 115 isnotincreasing.

If Mrs. Cooper does not take the record, there are only two other 115-year-olds alive totake onthe challenge, and one of them is a man: Jiroemon Kimura, a retired postman fromKyoto. He'swithin seven months of beating the age record for his sex, set by ChristianMortensen, who died in 1998. But Mr. Kimura is less likely than a woman to make 122, andthere are fewer women over 115 today (two) than there were in 2006 (four) or even 1997 (three).

At least two people died after their 110th birthdays in the 1800s, if you're willing to trustthe birthcertificates. So the increase of 12 years in maximum life expectancy during the 20thcentury wasjust one-third as large as the increase in average life expectancy during the period(36 years).

In 2002, James Vaupel of the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research in Rostock,Germany, startled demographers by pointing out that every estimate published of the levelatwhich average life expectancy would level out has been broken within a few years. JayOlshanskyof the University of Illinois, however, argues that since 1980 this has no longer beentrue foralready-old people in rich countries like the U.S.: Official estimates of remaining years oflife for awoman aged 65 should be revised downward.

Thanks to healthier lifestyles, more and more people are surviving into old age. But that isnotincompatible with there being a sort of expiration date on human lifespan. Most scientiststhink thedecay of the body by aging is not itself programmed by genes, but the repairmechanisms thatdelay decay are. In human beings, genes that help keep you alive as a parentor even grandparenthave had a selective advantage through helping children thrive, but onesthat keep you alive as agreat-grandparent -- who likely doesn't play much of a role in the well-being and survival of great-grandchildren -- have probably never contributed to reproductivesuccess.

In other words, there is perhaps no limit to the number of people who can reach 90 or 100,butgetting more than a handful of people past 120 may never be possible, and 150 isprobablyunattainable, absent genetic engineering -- even for a monarch.

在風風光光慶祝完自己登基60週年後，英國女王伊麗莎白二世(Queen Elizabeth II)現在可以期待打破更多紀錄了。86歲的她已經是英國曆史上最年長的君主了(如果她現在離世，她的兒子就會立即成爲第12位年長的君主)。到2015年9月10日，她將會超越維多利亞女王(QueenVictoria)，成爲英國曆史上在位時間最長的君主。要打敗四歲時繼承王位的路易十四(Louis XIV)成爲歐洲歷史上在位時間最長的君主，她需要活到98歲。

伊麗莎白二世身體依然很硬朗，但人類最長壽命並不像平均預期壽命一樣在不斷增長，後者在全球範圍內以每年約三個月的幅度在增長，主要是由於對抗過早死亡方面取得的進展。的確，我們或許已經達到了某種最長壽命的極限，這可能是因爲嚴格以繁殖成功爲中心的自然選擇過程沒有必要特別保存能讓我們活到150歲的基因。

根據研究老齡化問題的老年學研究組織(Gerontology Research Group)的數據，世界最長壽的女性、來自佐治亞州的退休教師貝斯·庫珀(Besse Cooper)將在8月26日年滿116歲。這是很長壽的年紀了，但是依然比世界紀錄小六歲多：122歲零164天，它是由法國的雅娜·卡爾芒(JeanneCalment)創下的紀錄。換句話說，如果庫珀能活到這個年紀，那麼卡爾芒的紀錄就保持了21年，如果活不到，可能保持的時間會更長。

這會是漫長的一段時間，因爲目前全世界有近50萬百歲老人在世。這個數字在以每年7%的幅度增長，但115歲以上老人的人數並沒有增加。

如果庫珀沒有刷新紀錄，就只有兩位在世的115歲老人接受這項挑戰，其中一位是男性：來自日本京都的退休郵差木村次郎右衛門(Jiroemon Kimura)。他還有七個月就將打破由1998年去世的克里斯蒂安·莫滕森(Christian Mortensen)創下的男性最長壽命紀錄。但木村次郎右衛門活到122歲的可能性沒有女性大，而目前超過115歲的女性(兩位)沒有2006年(四位)多，甚至還不如1997年(三位)。

從出生證明來看，19世紀至少有兩個人在110歲生日後逝世。因此，20世紀最長壽命12年的增長幅度只不過是同期平均壽命增幅(36年)的三分之一。

2002年，德國羅斯托克馬克斯-普朗克人口研究所(Max Planck Institute forDemographicResearch)的詹姆斯·沃佩爾(James Vaupel)指出，每次公開發布的對平均壽命趨穩水平的估計都會在幾年內被打破，這令人口統計學家感到吃驚。然而，伊利諾伊大學(University of Illinois)的傑伊·奧爾山斯基(Jay Olshansky)則認爲，從1980年開始，在美國等富裕國家，這種規律已經不適用於已經進入高齡的老人了：官方對年齡在65歲的女性剩餘壽命的估算應該下調。

由於生活方式越來越健康，活到高齡的人越來越多。但這與人類壽命存在某種期限並不矛盾。大多數科學家認爲，人體隨年齡增大而衰老本身並不是由基因決定的，但延緩衰老的修復機制卻是由基因決定的。對人類來說，幫助人作爲父母甚至祖父母活着的基因有助於孩子健壯成長因而具備了選擇性優勢，但幫助人作爲曾祖父母活着的基因可能永遠都不會有助於繁殖成功，因爲曾祖父母在曾孫的健康和生存上可能發揮不了什麼作用。

換句話說，活到90歲或100歲者的人數或許沒有上限，但讓一大批人活到120歲以上或許永遠都不可能實現，沒有遺傳工程的幫助，人是很難活到150歲的，即便君主也做不到。

　醫學科普類英文文章2

女人永葆童顏的終極祕訣--大笑

Laughter not only makes you feel good, but it helps boost yourimmune system too.

大笑不僅可以使你感覺良好，還能加強你的免疫系統。

Scientists found that laughter decreases serum cortisol levels (stress chemicals), increases Tlymphocytes (white blood cellsthat play a key role in immunity), and increases the numberofnatural killer cells.

科學家發現，大笑可以降低人體內的血清皮質醇水平(造成壓力的化學物質)，增加T淋巴細胞(對免疫系統起到重要作用的白血球)，還能增加體內的自然殺手細胞的數量。

These results suggest that laughter stimulates the immune system and ultimately makesyouhealthier.

這些研究結果表明，大笑可以增強免疫系統，最終讓你變得更健康。

Researchers at Oxford University found that laughter can act as an effective pain hterreleases the feel-good chemical endorphin and it acted like pain relief to theparticipants.

牛津大學的研究發現，大笑可以有效地止痛。大笑會使體內釋放出腦內啡，這種物質會使人心情愉快，並減少疼痛。

A study by Loma Linda University found that a good belly laugh positively affected twohormonesthat regulate appetite, leptin and ghrelin, meaning it could also help decreaseappetite.

美國加州洛瑪連達大學的一項研究發現，捧腹大笑對人體內控制食慾的兩大激素瘦蛋白和胃飢餓素起到很好的抑制作用。這就表示大笑可以減少食慾。

A study by a Canadian University found that laughter makes you more attractive to theoppositesex. The study found that smiley people seem more approachable, plus when youlaugh, yourblood supply increases, causing a rosy glow to the skin, making it appear moreyouthful andappealing to look at.

加拿大大學的一項研究發現，大笑可以使你對異性產生更大的吸引力。愛笑的人看起來更容易親近，而且，當你笑起來的時候，體內的供血就會增加，皮膚就會顯現出粉紅色的紅暈，使你看起來更加年輕，更加迷人。

　醫學科普類英文文章3

每多看1小時電視減壽22分鐘

Warning: Experts have suggested that every hour of watching TV shortens life expectancyby 22 minutes.

Every hour spent watching TV, DVDs and videos as an adult reduces life expectancy byalmost 22 minutes, a study suggests. And viewing TV for an average of six hours a day cancut short your life by five years.

一項研究指出，成年人每看一小時電視、DVD或視頻就會減少22分鐘的壽命。每天平均看6小時電視會減壽5年。

The research claims that a sedentary lifestyle is as bad for health as smoking and obesity,because of the dangers posed by inactivity and the greater opportunities it offers forunhealthy eating.

該研究稱，久坐的生活方式就跟抽菸和肥胖一樣有害身體健康。因爲久坐會對健康造成威脅，也會增加不良飲食的機率。

The academics conducting the study set out to calculate the overall risk to life expectancyfrom watching television. Their research involved more than 11,000 people over the age of 25.

學者們開展此項研究的目的是爲了估算看電視對壽命的總體風險。他們的研究對象涵蓋了年齡在25歲以上的1.1萬多人。

Writing in the British Journal of Sports Medicine, they concluded: ‘TV viewing time may beassociated with a loss of life that is comparable to other major chronic disease risk factorssuch as physical inactivity and obesity.’

他們在英國《運動醫學》雜誌上的文章得出結論說：“看電視的時間長短可能與壽命減少有關，而且這一因素並不亞於其他導致慢性疾病的主要風險因素，例如缺乏運動和肥胖。”

The researchers, from the University of Queensland, used information from the AustralianDiabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study, together with population and death rate data.

昆士蘭大學的研?a href="">咳嗽輩捎昧死醋園拇罄?a href="">糖尿病、肥胖和生活方式研究的數據，以及澳洲人口和死亡率的數據。

But they said: ‘While we used Australian data, the effects in other industrialised anddeveloping countries are likely to be comparable, given the typically large amounts of timespent watching TV and similarities in disease patterns.’ In the UK, the average amount of timespent watching TV is four hours a day compared with five hours in the United States.

他們說：“儘管我們用的是澳大利亞的數據，但其影響同樣適用於其他工業化和發展中國家，因爲這些國家的人們通常看電視的時間也很多，疾病類型也比較相似。”在英國，人們平均每天花4小時的時間看電視，而美國人則每天看5小時電視。

Researchers from the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, said it was‘biologicallyplausible’ that prolonged TV viewing results in disease and premature death. Otherwork suggests that sedentary behaviour is linked to obesity, high levels of bad blood fats andother heart disease risk factors, and more opportunities for grazing on junk foods.

位於波士頓的哈佛公共健康學院的研究人員說，看電視時間過長會導致疾病和早死，這在生物學上是講得通的。其他研究也顯示，久坐這一行爲方式與肥胖、高血脂等多種心臟病風險因素相關，還會讓人攝入更多垃圾食品。

Earlier this year, a separate study suggested the risk of developing type 2 diabetesandheart disease, or dying prematurely, rises by as much as 20 percent after just two hours aday in front of the box.

今年早些時候的一項獨立研究發現，每天坐在電視機前2小時，患II型糖尿病、心臟病或過早死的機率就會上升20%。

England’s Chief Medical Officer, Sally Davies, said: ‘Physical activity offers huge benefits andthese studies back what we already know – that a sedentary lifestyle carries additional hope these studies will help more people realise that there are many ways to get exercise.’

英格蘭首席衛生官莎莉?戴維斯說：“體力活動會帶來極大的好處，這些研究也支持了我們早已知道的事情，也就是久坐的生活方式是危險的。我們希望這些研究能幫助更多人意識到鍛鍊的方式有很多種。”

Another study shows that exercising for just 15 minutes a day can increase your lifespanby up to three years. It can reduce the risk of early death by 14 percent, with each extra 15minutes reducing all-cause death rates by 4 percent.

另一項研究顯示，每天只需鍛鍊15分鐘就可以延長3年壽命，還會使過早死的機率降低14%。每多運動15分鐘就能使各種病因導致的死亡率下降4%。