安迪格羅夫 偏執人生 Pioneer who turned Intel into a giant of the PC era

Andy Grove, who died on Monday at 79, was not one of the technology industry’s household names. But the chemical engineer who turned Intel from a brilliant science project into the first industrial giant of the personal computing era has long been guaranteed a revered place in Silicon Valley lore.

安迪•格羅夫(Andy Grove)於本週一逝世，享年79歲。格羅夫並非科技業家喻戶曉的名人之一。但這位化學工程師讓英特爾(Intel)從一個卓越的科學項目轉變爲個人計算機時代的首個行業巨頭，一直在硅谷傳說中享有尊崇地位。

Grove, who joined Intel in 1968, rose to become chief executive at the peak of its PC industry power, from 1987-98, and served as chairman until 2004.

格羅夫在1968年加入英特爾，在1987年至1998年英特爾在個人計算機行業的影響力達到巔峯時擔任首席執行官，並擔任董事長直至2004年。

He did as much as almost anyone to shape the computing world that has emerged over the past half century — and, in the process, to define the business culture that has taken such a powerful grip on modern management thinking.

他對塑造成長於過去半個世紀的計算機世界所做的貢獻不亞於任何人，並且在這個過程中定義了深諳現代管理思想的企業文化。

His personal idiosyncrasies, insecurities and passions coalesced into a powerful brew. They included an iconoclastic disregard for the normal conventions of business and a win-at-all-costs determination; a relentless addiction to pre-emptive corporate reinvention and the merits of moving fast; a taste for gutsy, bet-the-farm risks; and an eye for the kind of industry domination that new digital technologies made possible.

他的個人特質、不安全感和熱情匯聚成了強大的力量。他有着對企業常規驚世駭俗的蔑視，以及不惜代價獲勝的決心；他極度癡迷於對企業進行先發制人的改造，並且行動迅速；他勇於孤注一擲地冒險；他渴望利用新的數字科技來獲取行業主導地位。

“Many of the senior statesmen in the Valley worked for him, many of the [venture capitalists] worked for him,” says David Yoffie, an Intel director from the late 1980s and a professor at Harvard Business School. “In some sense, his career was the story of Silicon Valley.”

從上世紀80年代末就擔任英特爾董事的哈佛商學院(Harvard Business School)教授戴維•約菲(David Yoffie)表示：“硅谷的許多資深人士都曾爲他工作過，許多（風險資本家）也爲他工作過。從某種意義上說，他的職業生涯就是硅谷的故事。”

Grove was the classic outsider who found himself in the computing world that came to life in the 1960s. He was born András Gróf in Hungary on September 2 1936. His father was conscripted into a Jewish labour battalion during the second world war while he and his mother moved around Hungary to avoid detention and the fate that befell many Hungarian Jews who were rounded up and sent to Auschwitz.

格羅夫是一個典型的外來者，在上世紀60年代計算機世界誕生時，便投身其中。他於1936年9月2日出生於匈牙利，原名安德拉什•格羅夫(András Gróf)。他父親在二戰期間被徵到猶太人勞工營，而他和母親輾轉於匈牙利各地以免遭到拘捕，像許多匈牙利猶太人那樣被抓起來送往奧斯維辛集中營(Auschwitz)。

It was after the Hungarian uprising of 1956 was brutally suppressed by the Soviet Union that Grove fled the country, escaping by foot into Austria and then a new life in the US.

正是在1956年匈牙利起義被蘇聯殘酷鎮壓之後，格羅夫逃離了匈牙利，徒步逃到奧地利，隨後到達美國，開始了新生活。

He never went back. Instead, arriving in Silicon Valley at the start of the 1960s, he was catapulted into a future that he helped to invent.

他從未再回去過。實際上，在上世紀60年代初抵達硅谷之後，他就投身於一個自己參與創造的未來。

Grove was one of the great business communicators, despite a thick accent that remained with him and a hearing impediment from early in life.

格羅夫是偉大的商業溝通者之一，儘管他一直帶着濃重的口音，而且從早年起就有聽力障礙。

He also translated his thinking into some of the most influential management books of the late 20th century. One — Only the Paranoid Survive — became a mantra not just for Grove but for the whole of Silicon Valley, where the threat of being disrupted by the next new upstart engendered persistent anxiety.

他還將自己的想法寫成書籍，其中一些成爲20世紀末最具影響力的管理類書籍。其中的《只有偏執狂才能生存》(Only The Paranoid Survive)不僅是格羅夫的理念，而且還成爲了整個硅谷的理念——在硅谷，被下一個新秀企業顛覆的威脅讓人持續陷入焦慮。

As he wrote in the opening lines: “The more successful you are, the more people want a chunk of your business and then another chunk and then another until there is nothing left.” Many managers may sense this truism. Few have the guts to do something about it.

正如他在該書的開篇所寫：“你越成功，就有越多的人想搶走你的一部分生意，再搶走一部分，直到你一無所有。”許多經理人可能覺得這是老生常談。但很少有人有勇氣就此做些什麼。

The paranoia was not just for show. “I sat in many, many meetings with Andy while he looked at the worst outcome, and what could possibly go wrong,” says Mr Yoffie. He adds that it was this refusal to rest on past success — and the ability to see how the various pieces of the business world would fall into place — that enabled Grove to take the pre-emptive actions needed to put Intel at the top of its industry.

這種偏執不僅僅是爲了秀給別人看。“我與安迪開過很多很多次會，他會考慮最糟糕的結果，以及哪裏可能出錯，”約菲說道。他補充說，正是由於格羅夫拒絕停留在過去的成功，並且能夠看清商業世界拼圖中的不同碎片將如何落到正確的位置，所以他能夠採取讓英特爾走上行業巔峯所需的先發制人的措施。

Perhaps the most significant was Grove’s determination to make Intel the sole source for the new PC microprocessors, rather than just one of several suppliers — a move that was to give the company unassailable economies of scale and cement its lead.

或許最爲重要的是格羅夫決心讓英特爾成爲新的個人電腦微處理器的唯一供應商，而不是幾家供應商之一，此舉令該公司獲得無懈可擊的規模經濟並得以鞏固其領先地位。

IBM, at the time its biggest customer and the originator of the PC, was against the move. But Grove remained firm and the rapid emergence of a new industry, led by Compaq Computer, provided a ready market. IBM’s grip on the computing world was broken and Intel — along with Microsoft — had turned itself into one of the tech industry’s dominant monopolists.

當時英特爾最大客戶、個人電腦鼻祖IBM反對此舉。但格羅夫意志堅定，由康柏電腦(Compaq Computer)率領的新行業的迅速崛起提供了一個現成的市場。IBM對計算領域的控制被攻破，英特爾（與微軟(Microsoft)一道）把自己變成了科技行業占主導地位的壟斷者之一。

Grove showed a similar determination when, assailed by competition from Japan, he decided to abandon memory chips, the company’s original business, to bet everything on microprocessors.

在遭遇來自日本的競爭之際，格羅夫顯示出了類似的決心，他決定放棄內存芯片業務（這是該公司的原始業務），全盤押注於微處理器。

But if he got the big strategic decisions right, Grove was as well known for a relentless attention to detail and a mercilessly demanding management style. Hired as Intel’s first employee by founders Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce, it was his ability to get things done that made him invaluable.

但除了做出正確的重大戰略決策，讓格羅夫出名的還有他對細節的強烈關注以及毫不留情的苛刻管理風格。他是英特爾創始人戈登•摩爾(Gordon Moore)和羅伯特•諾伊斯(Robert Noyce)聘用的該公司第一位員工，正是他把事情做成的能力使他成爲無價的人才。

He had followed a postgraduate degree at the University of California, Berkeley with a job as a research scientist at Fairchild Semiconductor, Silicon Valley’s original chipmaker. But he came into his own as an operational genius, turning the cottage industry that was chipmaking into one of the most demanding of high-tech sectors.

在加州大學伯克利分校(University of California, Berkeley)獲得碩士學位後，他曾在硅谷最早的芯片製造商飛兆半導體(Fairchild Semiconductor)擔任研究員。但他卻作爲一位經營天才脫穎而出，把作坊式的芯片製造業轉變爲了要求最爲苛刻的高科技行業之一。

As with Steve Jobs at Apple, Grove’s rages became famous, and his treatment of subordinates could be vicious. But the tempers never undermined his drive. “He had a talent for pushing people harder than they had ever been pushed before — and for making people want to please him,” says Mr Yoffie. “He was such a hard man to please.”

就像蘋果(Apple)的史蒂夫•喬布斯(Steve Jobs)一樣，格羅夫的火爆脾氣很是出名，他對待下屬的態度極其嚴厲。但這種脾氣從未削弱他的鞭策力。“他有一種天分，能夠給員工從未遇到過的嚴厲鞭策，並讓員工願意取悅他，”約菲表示，“他是一個很難取悅的人。”