京霧霾下的貧富分化:兩種城市,一個故事

Beijing's smog: A tale of two cities

北京霧霾：兩種城市，一個故事

The first thing Jiang Wang does when she wakes up in the morning is check on her daughter to make sure she's breathing clean air.

王江每天早上醒來的第一件事就是查看女兒今天能不能呼吸到乾淨的空氣。

Next, it's time to start making breakfast. She's already made sure all the groceries come from an organic farm.

然後該做早飯了。她保證所有的食材都產自有機農場。

She'll wash her produce with tap water filtered through a separate treatment system under her sink.

水槽下方裝有分體式處理系統，她用過濾水清洗餐具和食材。

But that water isn't for drinking -- there's imported bottled water for that.

但是過濾水不是用來喝的——喝的是進口瓶裝水。

This is how Wang typically starts her day, trying to minimize the effects of the toxic environment in Beijing.

這就是王江一天的開頭，儘量把北京有毒環境的影響降到最小。

"From the moment you open your eyes till the moment, you rest in the evening," she says, "you have to pay really (close) attention, to the air, to the water, to the food you eat."

她說：“從早上睜眼到晚上休息，真的要（十分）注意。注意空氣，注意水，注意食物。”

Wang and her family are part of a growing number of Beijingers who are trying to pollution-proof their lives.

北京人裏像王江和她家其中只是一部分，類似的人數還在持續上漲，他們試圖過上和污染隔絕的生活。

And money is no cost.

錢不是問題。

It's "very expensive," she says. "But think about the health. There is nothing to trade off."

王江承認這種生活“特別耗錢”。可轉念一想，錢換不來健康。

But for Beijing's rising middle class and poorer residents, this high-end home equipment is financially out of reach.

然而對於北京增長的中產階級和貧困居民，這種高端家庭器材在收入上就遙不可及。

That's turning pollution into both a health issue and a class issue -- and it's killing off those left behind.

這種差距把一個污染問題轉變成了兩個，健康問題和階級問題——且污染正在消滅落在高收入後面的人。

Research by Nanjing University's School of the Environment has linked smog with nearly one-third of all deaths in China, positioning it on a par with smoking as a threat to public health.

據南京大學環境學院調查，中國近三分之一的死亡和霧霾有關。調查認定霧霾對公共衛生的威脅與吸菸同等。

Published in November last year, the study analyzed over 3 million deaths across 74 cities throughout China in 2013. The findings revealed that as many as 31.8% of all recorded deaths could be linked to pollution, with major cities in Hebei, the province that encircles Beijing, ranked among the worst.

去年十月刊登的研究分析了2013年全中國74座城市3百多萬死亡案例。結果揭示出全部有記錄死亡案例中的31.8%和污染相關，主要分佈在河北省。河北省環抱北京，污染排名位列最差之一。

"Air pollution exacerbates inequality between the rich and poor in urban China," Matthew Kahn, a professor of economics at the University of Southern California, told CNN in an email.

南加州大學經濟學教授馬修·卡恩在郵件中對CNN說：“大氣污染加劇了中國城市貧富不均。”

"The rich live in cleaner parts of the city and on more polluted days they can drive to work, work inside, access better doctors, have second homes in the countryside and have expensive and effective air filters."

“富人住在城市更清潔、污染天數更少的地方。他們可以開車去上班，在室內工作，看更好的醫生，到鄉下多買一處房子，安裝昂貴又實用的空氣淨化器。”

Beijing risks becoming a tale of two cities, a place where the rich and poor don't even breathe the same air.

北京承受着風險，同一個故事中分化成兩種城市的風險，變成富人和窮人連呼吸空氣都不一樣的風險。

It adds up

日積月累

The Wang family recently installed a fresh air filtering system, which cost them about $4,300.

最近王江家花費4300美元安裝了一套空氣清新過濾系統。

It works like a ventilation system, cleaning outside air and pumping it into their home.

這套系統就像通風系統，淨化外部空氣再輸入室內。

They also have an air purifier in each room, eight in all, to filter out carbon dioxide and take care of any dirty air that may leak in. Those add up to about $7,200.

他們還在每個房間安裝了共八臺空氣淨化器，過濾二氧化碳跟任何溜進家裏的污染空氣。這些器材加起來花了大概7200美元。

And the purifiers need to be changed about once a month -- which rings in at $430.

空氣淨化器需要每個月更換一次，花費430美元。

Water filters for sinks run about $300 and shower filters can cost upwards of $1,000 on JD, a popular Chinese e-commerce site.

水槽下的過濾器花費大概300美元，淋浴過濾器在京東（中國的一個火爆電商網站）上售價1000美元以上。

For the super wealthy, companies such as Environment Assured, an indoor air quality and water filtration consultancy, will assess the toxicity of living and office spaces.

針對鉅富們的需求，環境保障之類的室內空氣質量和濾水諮詢公司會評定生活環境和辦公環境的毒性。

The company offers a top-of-the-line package that comes in at just under $15,000, according to Alex Cukor, the vice president of enterprise solutions at Environment Assured.

據環境保障公司企業方案部門副總亞力克斯·庫克表示，公司提供同類商品中最好的產品套裝，一套不到15000美元。

Real estate prices can swing based on technology and proximity to pollution, too.

房地產價格會在技術和污染距離遠近的基礎上擺動。

A two-bedroom apartment in Beijing's MOMA complex -- where the units come equipped with air filtration systems -- cost far in excess of $3 million, according to the Lianjia real estate listings.

根據鏈家房地產列表數據顯示，北京MOMA住宅區裏兩室一廳的公寓售價遠不止3百萬，所有單元自帶空氣過濾系統。

That's almost six times the cost of a similarly-sized apartment on the city's dusty fringes.

這裏公寓的售價幾近北京灰撲撲的外環同面積公寓的六倍。

And these costs aren't reserved to homes.

而且這些公寓還不面向家庭預售。

The International School of Beijing, where tuition is north of $37,000 a year, built a pressurized dome for kids to play in during the smog. It cost $5 million. (Some public schools have also built domes recently.)

北京國際學校，每年學費37000美元，學校建有加壓圓頂體育場供孩子們在霧霾天活動。體育場耗資5百萬美元。（一些公立學校不久前也建設了圓頂體育場。）

Some people will get organic produce shipped directly to their homes. A yearly membership to Tony's Farm costs $3,400. That will get you two weekly deliveries of produce, three kilograms (about 6.6 pounds) each.

有機食品會直接運送到部分人家裏。託尼農場一年的會員資格收費3400美元，農場每週給每位會員送三公斤（6.6磅）產品。

Others escape the bad air by traveling abroad.

其他人則出遊海外以逃離污染空氣。

And then there's the more outlandish products.

還有更多稀奇古怪的產品。

You can buy canned air from Britain for $115 a bottle. Anti-pollution creams can top $100 (the jury's still out on how well these work) and there are also expensive "pollution-catching" amulets.

你可以購買產自英國的罐裝空氣，每瓶115美金。防污染乳霜（審覈人員尚未認定產品效果如何）100美元以上。還有昂貴的“污染捕捉”護身符。

The typical Beijinger likely can't afford any of that -- the average individual salary is a little less than $17,00 year, according to a report from Peking University. And that's the highest in China.

從北京大學的數據報告來看，大多數北京人恐怕負擔不起其中任何一項——平均個人工資稍低於1700美元。而這個數字在中國是最高的了。

But even though the China's economic boom has delivered material wealth to millions, growing numbers are becoming frustrated that China's elite and ultra-wealthy -- many of whom got rich off the country's rapid industrialization that caused the pollution problem -- can protect themselves, but they can't.

儘管中國經濟繁榮爲數百萬人帶來了物質財富，但增長的數字漸漸讓精英和鉅富垂頭喪氣——他們中大多數依靠國家高速工業化發跡，而高速工業化帶來污染問題，而他們沒法從污染中保全自己。

"It really has reached a point where concern over air pollution throughout the country is threatening China's social stability," Barbara Finamore of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) said in a question and answer session in May.

戰略與國際研究中心（CSIS）的芭芭拉·菲納莫雷在五月份一次問答會上表示：“對全國大氣污染的關注達到了威脅中國社會穩定的節點。”

A recent environmental protest in the southwest city of Chengdu was quickly quashed by authorities.

最近的一次環境抗議發生在西南城市成都，很快就被官方平息了。

Baby steps

嬰兒學步

China is the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gasses, and it's costly -- the country's economy lost roughly $535 billion due to pollution in 2012, according to the RAND corporation.

中國是世界最大的溫室氣體排放者，且排放代價高昂——據蘭德公司數據顯示，由於2012年的污染，中國國家經濟粗略上損失了5350億美元。

The government knows air quality is a pressing problem and publicly declared a "war on pollution" in 2014.

政府清楚空氣質量問題迫在眉睫，於2014年公開宣佈打響“治污戰役”。

With their newfound wealth, China's upper and middles classes have been able to travel abroad and see more of the world -- and in turn learn about the dangers of pollution and how to avoid it.

手握新財富，中國上層和中產階級已能出遊海外，見識更大的世界——反之也瞭解了污染的危險性和避免污染的辦法。

But on the street during a red alert it is still commonplace to see ordinary people wearing a scarf over their mouth and nose, rather than a protective mask. Even state media has said the government needs to better study and understand the effects of pollution.

但污染紅色警報期間，街頭巷尾照樣能見到普羅大衆用圍巾裹住口鼻而不是戴着防護口罩。儘管官方媒體已經表達了政府需要更好地學習和理解污染帶來的影響。

Still, China had some success in recent years, both locally -- 663 localities in Beijing's city limits replaced coal with clean energy, state-run Xinhua news reported -- and internationally, with the signing of the Paris climate accords.

近幾年內中國仍取得了一些成績——地方上，663個北京下屬地區限制城市用煤，清潔能源取而代之；國際上，簽署了巴黎氣候協議。

And China actually leads the world in wind and solar power, according CSIS' Finamore.

戰略與國際研究中心表明，實際上是中國引領了世界風能和太陽能的使用。

Such measures though have done little to dispel the view that Beijing is becoming increasingly unlivable. "Under the Dome," a Chinese documentary on the negative effects of pollution, took the country by storm when it debuted in 2015. The film drew millions of views online, before government censors stepped in and removed it from Chinese video sharing websites.

這些措施離對消除北京向不適宜居住逐步變化的作用微乎其微。《蒼穹之下》，一部展現污染負面影響的紀錄片，2015年首次登場便猶如風暴席捲中國。在政府審查介入並刪除視頻分享網站上的資源前，影片觀影數就達幾百萬之巨。