雙語暢銷書《我是馬拉拉》第1章9:優素福扎伊族

The Yousafzai divided up all the land among the male members of the tribe. It was a peculiar system called wesh under which every five or ten years all the families would swap villages and redistribute the land of the new village among the men so that everyone had the chance to work on good as well as bad land. It was thought this would then keep rival clans from fighting. Villages were ruled by khans, and the common people, craftsmen and labourers, were their tenants. They had to pay them rent in kind, usually a share of their crop. They also had to help the khans form a militia by providing an armed man for every small plot of land. Each khan kept hundreds of armed men both for feuds and to raid and loot other villages.

優素福扎伊族將部落裏的土地分配給男性成員。這是一種特有的體系，稱爲“沃許”。按照規定，每隔五到十年，所有的家族都必須更換村落而居，男人之間重新分配土地。這樣，每家每戶都有機會輪流使用到肥沃的土地或者貧瘠的土地，以便有效避免對立的家族發生衝突。村落由部落首領統治，百姓、工匠和工人則是他們的佃戶。佃戶們必須支付相當的租金，通常是將部分穀物收成給部落首領。佃戶們還要組成部落武裝，每一塊土地都得相應地派出一名兵丁。每個部落首領都擁有數百名戰士，幫助他處理衝突事件，或者到其他村落燒殺掠奪。

As the Yousafzai in Swat had no ruler, there were constant feuds between the khans and even within their own families. Our men all have rifles, though these days they don’t walk around with them like they do in other Pashtun areas, and my great-grandfather used to tell stories of gun battles when he was a boy. In the early part of the last century they became worried about being taken over by the British, who by then controlled most of the surrounding lands. They were also tired of the endless bloodshed. So they decided to try and find an impartial man to rule the whole area and resolve their disputes.

當時，在斯瓦特的優素福扎伊族人並沒有領導者。部落首領之間，甚至家族內部時常發生鬥爭。男人們全都擁有來複槍。雖然現在優素福扎伊族人不再像普什圖其他地方的人那樣，帶着槍走來走去，我的祖父卻常常跟我們講起他小時候發生的槍戰故事。到了20世紀初，優素福扎伊族人開始擔心自己的土地也會被已佔領了周圍大多數土地的英軍所侵佔。同時，他們也對無止境的殺戮感到厭倦了，於是，他們決定找出一位公正不阿的人來領導整個地區，解決這些糾紛。

After a couple of rulers who did not work out, in 1917 the chiefs settled on a man called Miangul Abdul Wadood as their king. We know him affectionately as Badshah Sahib, and though he was completely illiterate, he managed to bring peace to the valley. Taking a rifle away from a Pashtun is like taking away his life, so he could not disarm the tribes. Instead he built forts on mountains all across Swat and created an army. He was recognised by the British as the head of state in 1926 and installed as wali, which is our word for ruler. He set up the first telephone system and built the first primary school and ended the wesh system because the constant moving between villages meant no one could sell land or had any incentive to build better houses or plant fruit trees.

在連續幾個領導人都失敗之後，1917年，頭目們決定選派彌安戈.阿卜杜勒.瓦度擔任他們的國王。我們敬仰地稱他爲“貝德山.沙哈卜”。雖然他是個文盲，卻成功地爲河谷地區帶來了和平。從普什圖人手中奪走他的來複槍就如同奪走他的性命。所以，他並沒有解除部落的武力，反而在斯瓦特各處建造了碉堡，並且建立了一支軍隊。1926年，英軍認定他爲國家領袖，稱爲“瓦利”，意爲“統治者”。他架設了第一套電話系統，興建了第一所小學，並結束了沃許體制。在沃許體制下，人們不停地在村落間搬遷，土地無法交易，人們也沒有願望去建造較好的房屋或者種植果樹。