初一英語美文短篇
美文助讀式教學的模式,是一種高效率的實用的教學模式。所謂美文,就是發表在報刊上的關於某篇課文的精美的賞析性短文或者教師自己撰寫的此類文章。本站小編整理了初一短篇英語美文，歡迎閱讀!
Women in Colonial North America
The status of women in colonial North America has been well studied and described and can bebriefly summarized. Throughout the colonial period there was a marked shortage of women,which varied with the regions and was always greatest in the frontier areas. This favorableratio enhanced women's status and position and allowed them to pursue different careers.
The Puritans, the religious sect that dominated the early british colonies in North America,regarded idleness as a sin, and believed that life in an underdeveloped country made itabsolutely necessary that each member of the community perform an economic function.
Thus work for women, married or single, was not only approved, it was regarded as a civic tan town councils expected idows and unattached women to be self supporting and for along time provided needy spinsters with parcels of land. There was no social sanction againstmarried women working; on the contrary, wives were expected to help their husbands in theirtrade and won social approval for doing extra work in or out of the home. Needy children, girlsas well as boys, were indentured or apprenticed and were expected to work for their keep.
The vast majority of women worked within their homes, where their labor produced mostarticles needed for the family. The entire colonial production of cloth and clothing and partiallythat of shoes was in the hands of women. In addition to these occupations, women werefound in many different kinds of employment. They were butchers, silversmiths, gunsmiths andupholsterers. They ran mills, plantations, tanyards, shipyards, and every kind of shop, tavern,and boardinghouse. They were gatekeepers, jail keepers, sextons, journalists, printers,apothecaries, midwives, nurses, and teachers.
北美殖民時期的婦女
北美殖民時期女性的社會地位曾得到過深入研究和描述，並可簡短概括。 整個殖民時期，女性人數明顯不足，各地情況不盡相同，在邊遠地區尤其缺少。 這種對女性有利的比例提高了她們的社會地位和職位，使她們能追求不同的事業。 清教徒是早期英屬殖民地的宗教主流。 它視懶惰爲犯罪，認爲在不發達農村社區的每一個成員都必須發揮經濟作用。 所以已婚或單身女性工作不僅是許可的，而且被認爲是公民的義務。 清教徒的鎮議會認爲寡婦和未婚女性也應該自食其力，而且在相當長一段時期裏，向貧困的老而未婚的女子提供土地。 社會不反對已婚婦女工作;相反，要求她們幫助丈夫從事他們的行當。在家庭內外做額外勞動的妻子們會得到社會的贊同。貧困的兒童，女孩和男孩一樣，也要籤師徒契約做學徒，想保住這個生計就要工作。 絕大多數女性在家庭裏勞動，生產大部分家用必需品。 殖民時期全部的布料和衣服以及一部分的鞋都出自女性的雙手。 除了從事這些職業，婦女也從事許多不同類型的職業，如做屠夫、鐵匠、軍械工和傢俱修理工。 她們經營手工作坊、種植園、製革場、造船廠和各類商店、小旅館和供膳寄宿處。 她們當守門人或獄卒，教堂司事、記者、印刷工、藥劑師、助產士、護士和教師。
初一短篇英語美文篇二The Definition of "Price"
Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also the means by which productsand services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers. The price system of theUnited States is a complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought andsold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, professional,transportation, and public-utility services. The interrelationships of all these prices make upthe "system" of prices. The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad,complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less uponeverything else. If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define "price",many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a productor service or, in other words, that price is the money value of a product or service as agreedupon in a market transaction. This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes. For acomplete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amountof money involved must be known. Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with notonly the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to beexchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will bemade, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to thetransaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and otherfactors. In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors thatcomprise the total "package" being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order thatthey may evaluate a given price.
初一短篇英語美文篇三The Beginning of Drama
There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The one most widelyaccepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument forthis view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world- even the seasonal changes - as unpredictable, and they sought through various means tocontrol these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to bring thedesired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventuallystories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some ritualswere abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art anddrama.
Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained theseed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always hermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entirecommunity did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the "acting area"and the "auditorium." In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importancewas attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumedthat task. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, orsupernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect -- success in hunt or battle, the comingrain, the revival of the Sun -- as an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representations wereseparated from religious activities.
Another theory traces the theater's origin from the human interest in storytelling. According tothis view tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated, at first throughthe use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through theassumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theaterto those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animalmovements and sounds.
戲劇的起源
關於古希臘戲劇的起源存在着多種理論，其中一個最普遍爲人接受的理論假設認爲戲劇從儀式演化而來。 這個觀點是這樣進行論證的：一開始，人類把世界上的自然力量，甚至季節的變化都看成是不可預料的。 他們試圖通過各種方式去控制這些未知的、令人恐懼的力量。 那些似乎帶來了滿意結果的手段就被保留下來並且重複直到這些手段固化爲不變的儀式，最後產生了能夠解釋或者掩蓋這些儀式神祕性的故事。 隨着時間的推移，一些儀式被廢棄了，但這些後來被稱作神話的故事流傳下來並且爲藝術和戲劇提供了素材。
認爲戲劇從儀式演化而來的人們還認爲那些儀式包含了戲劇的基本因素，因爲音樂、舞蹈、面具和服裝幾乎經常被使用，而且，必須爲演出提供一個合適的地點;如果不是整個社區共同參加演出，經常在"演出區"和"觀衆席"之間劃分出明顯的分界。 另外，儀式中還有演員，而且宗教領袖通常承擔演出任務，因爲在儀式的執行中避免錯誤的發生被認爲有相當大的重要性;他們經常帶着面具，穿着服裝象演員那樣扮演其它人、動物或超自然的生靈，用動作來表演以達到所需要的效果，比如打獵的成功或戰鬥的勝利、將至的雨、太陽的復活。 最後這些戲劇性的表演從宗教活動中分離了出來。 另一個追溯戲劇起源的理論認爲它來自人們對敘述故事的興趣。 根據這個觀點，故事(關於狩獵、戰爭或者其它偉績)是逐漸豐富起來的。 首先通過一個講解人來運用模仿、表演和對話，然後再由不同的人扮演各自的角色;另一個與之緊密相關的理論將戲劇的起源追溯至舞蹈，這些舞蹈大體上是有節奏感的和體操式的那一類，或者是對動物動作和聲音的模仿。
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