英國將投放千萬輛電動車,並廢除燃氣供暖

Plans to put ten million electric vehicles on the road within ten years and rip gas central heating from every home are unveiled on Feb 2.
根據2月2日公佈的一項計劃，英國將在十年內投放一千萬輛電動汽車，並廢除所有家庭用戶的燃氣集中供暖系統。

Energy regulator Ofgem has outlined how the nation will have to change the way it travels and heats homes to meet the Government's target of net zero carbon emissions by 2050.
英國能源監管機構Ofgem概述了英國將如何改變出行和供暖方式，以達到政府2050年實現淨零碳排放的目標。

The radical scheme to 'greenwire' Britain will be built around plans for a four-fold increase in electricity from wind farms around the coast. But the proposals will largely be paid for by families and businesses, adding billions of pounds to bills over the next 30 years.
這一激進的“綠線”項目將圍繞着將沿海風力發電場的發電量提高4倍的計劃展開。但這些提案將主要由家庭和企業買單，未來30年內將增加數十億英鎊支出。

It is suggested that building and running the infrastructure to support the roll-out of electric vehicles could be 2 billion pounds a year, equivalent to 30 pounds on every household bill.
該計劃指出，建設和運行基礎設施以支持推廣電動汽車每年或需20億英鎊（約合人民幣184億元），相當於每個家庭支出30英鎊。

And switching away from natural gas heating and hot water for homes and businesses will require spending as much as 20 billion pounds a year by 2050.
到2050年，家庭和企業將不再使用天然氣供暖和熱水系統，這將需要每年支出200億英鎊。

The Citizens Advice charity says there is evidence that millions of people do not understand the enormous scale of the changes required. And it warns efforts will be needed to help customers, particularly the most vulnerable, with the costs they face.
慈善機構公民建議表示，有證據表明，數百萬人並不理解爲何需要如此巨大的轉變。該機構還警告說，需盡力幫助用戶，特別是弱勢用戶，承擔他們所面臨的成本。

There will be doubts as to whether the regulator and energy industry can deliver on the proposals, not least because of the delays and massive cost overrun on the installation of smart energy meters in all homes.
一些人會懷疑監管機構和能源行業能否兌現這些提議，尤其是因爲在所有家庭安裝智能電錶的過程中會出現拖延和鉅額成本超支。

Ofgem argues that the electricity generated by wind farms will, in the future, be considerably cheaper than from traditional sources such as gas, coal and oil.
Ofgem辯稱，在未來，風力發電廠發電將比天然氣、煤炭和石油等傳統能源發電價格低廉得多。

And it is proposing that owners of electric cars charge them through the night when power is cheap and then sell it back to the national grid at a higher price at peak periods.
該機構還建議電動車車主在電費低的夜間充電，然後在用電高峯期以更高的價格出售給英國國家電網。

As a result, the embedded power stored in the cars' batteries will reduce the need to build new gas-fired power stations.
因此，儲存在汽車電池中的嵌入式電力將減少建造新的燃氣發電站的需求。

Ofgem said: 'Increased uptake of electric vehicles creates a rare opportunity for a win-win-win for society, through lower carbon emissions, improved air quality and a more robust and low-cost energy system. But this will only be achieved if drivers are supported to charge their vehicles typically at off-peak times.
Ofgem表示：“通過降低碳排放、改善空氣質量和更強大、成本更低的能源系統，電動汽車的普及爲社會創造了一個難得的三贏機會。但這隻有在支持司機主要在非高峯期充電的情況下才能實現。”

'Support for drivers using their electric vehicles in novel ways will also be needed, for example by "vehicle-to-grid" technology to share energy from car batteries back to the electricity grid when it is needed.' Ofgem envisages the number of electric vehicles will surge from 230,000 today to ten million by 2030 and 39 million by 2050. It argues this will only be possible if the current total of 30,000 public car chargers rises to 210,000, plus 3,500 rapid and ultra-rapid chargers near motorways.
“此外，還需要支持司機以新穎的方式使用電動汽車，例如通過‘車聯網’技術在需要時將汽車電量分享回電網。”Ofgem預計電動汽車的數量將從現在的23萬輛激增到2030年的1000萬輛，到2050年將達到3900萬輛。該機構認爲，只有在現有的3萬個公共充電樁增至21萬個，外加高速公路附近安裝3500個快速和超高速充電樁的情況下，纔有可能實現這一目標。

At the same time, traditional natural gas central heating and hot water systems will have to be ripped out of millions of homes.
與此同時，數百萬家庭將不得不放棄傳統的天然氣集中供暖和熱水系統。

These will be replaced with electric heating and, potentially, a new gas system run on hydrogen, where the only emissions are water.
取而代之的是電力供熱，或許還會有新型氫氣燃氣系統，這種系統唯一的排放物是水。

The regulator said: 'The future of heating is less certain, with a range of possible different pathways to decarbonize.
Ofgem表示：“未來的供暖方式不太確定，可能會有一系列不同的脫碳途徑。”

'In 2017, just 4.5 percent of the energy used for heating the UK's 29 million homes and other non-residential buildings was from a low-carbon source.
“2017年，英國2900萬戶家庭和其他非住宅建築的取暖能源中，只有4.5%來自低碳能源。”

'This number needs to rise significantly by 2050.'
“到2050年，這一數字需要大幅上升。”