表達有關癌症的英語學習情景
身體健康是一件很重要的事情，小編今天就給大家整理了有關於醫學的英語，有需要的可以多多看看哦，歡迎大家借鑑
醫學英語一
General evaluation. The diagnosis of cancer can be simple or it can challenge all the skills of clinical investigation.
普遍診斷。癌症的診斷可非常容易，也可挑戰臨牀研究的所有技能。
In some instances metastatic tumors may be the first indication of cancer, and the primary lesion may escape efforts at detection.
有時轉移癌可能是癌症的第一指徵，而原發損害卻難以發現。
The challenge is to detect cancer as early as possible, when it is most likely to be cured.
我們所面臨的挑戰是儘早發現癌症，儘早發現增加治癒可能。
One third of new patients have in situ or localized cancer, one quarter have regional lymph node disease,
在所有新病人中，三分之一是原位癌，四分之一患局部淋巴結疾病，
and one third have distant disease;the remaining few per cent have disease of undefined stage.
三分之一有轉移性疾病，少數病患的病情階段尚未明確。
Early detection of localized disease is aided by an awareness of risk factors in the family history, personal habits (tobacco, alcohol, sun exposure) and occupational exposure (asbestos, chromium, benzene).
爲儘早發現原位癌，我們要通過家族史、個人習慣(抽菸、飲酒、光照)以及職業性照射(石綿、鉻、苯)的危險係數來扶助檢測。
It also requires attention to subtle and nonspecific symptoms of fatigue, weakness, weight loss, depression, headache, pain, changes in bowel habits,
還要注意疲勞、虛弱、減重、抑鬱、頭疼、疼痛、排便、
persistent cough or hoarseness, rectal bleeding，and other clues from the history.
持續咳嗽、聲音嘶啞、直腸出血、家族史等細微或非特定症狀。
In evaluating a patient who presents with nonspecific symptoms that might be indicators of malignancy, such as weight loss, fever, or fatigue,
在診斷有非特定症狀的病患時，例如減重、高燒或疲勞，這些或是惡性腫瘤的標誌，
the physician should carefully examine all mucosal surfaces, the sigmoid colon, and the rectum for masses or ulcerated lesions.
醫生要細心檢測所有粘膜表面、乙狀結腸，直腸腫塊或潰瘍性病變。
In addition to elements of a routine examination, stool should be tested for occult blood.
除了常規檢測，糞便要進行隱血試驗。
More subtle clues may be seen in the skin with finding such as petechiae, hyper-pigmentation of skin folds (acanthosis nigricans) , or atypical moles (dysplastic nevi).
我們還可以在皮膚上發現細微徵兆，例如淤點、皮皺深度過度(黑棘皮症)或是非典型痣(發育不良性痣)
Attention should be paid to the presence of systemic cancer-associated effects, such as neuromyopathies.
要對出現的全身性癌症病症給予關注，比如神經肌病。
Leads from laboratory testing may be found in unexplained anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypercalcemia, or elevation of serum LDH and acid or alkaline phosphatase levels.
實驗室檢測提示不明原因的貧血，血小板減少，高鈣血癥以及血清乳酸脫氫酶、酸性磷酸酶和鹼性磷酸酶水平的升高。
Other frequent harbingers of cancer are pulmonary nodules or radiolucent bone lesions associated with new bone pain.
其它常見先兆有肺結節，以及與新骨痛有關的透析性骨病。
醫學英語二
As a pathologic entity, cancer is defined by its properties of uncontrolled local proliferation of cells,
作爲病理學實體，癌症指的是細胞惡性繁殖，且不可控，
with invasion of adjacent normal structure and by distant spread, or metastasis, via the bloodstream of lymphatic or within a body cavity.
並破壞周邊正常細胞組織，通過淋巴系統或在體腔內完成轉移。
As a biologic entity, the malignant cell is defined by its ability to grow in tissue culture without the need for attachment to a firm surface
作爲生物體，腫瘤細胞的惡性性質是由下面因素決定的：在組織培養時，它無需附着于堅固的表面就能生長，
and by its loss of responsiveness to growth regulatory signals that cause differentiation and suppress proliferation.
並且它對能夠引起分化和抑制增生的生長調節信號沒有反應。
Many malignant cells preserve the growth and antigenic properties characteristic of fetal cells，
許多腫瘤細胞會繼續增長，以及具有抗原性的癌胚細胞，
secrete proteins characteristic of fetal tissues ( such as the a-fetoprotein of hepatocellular carcinomas and germ-cell tissues) ,
還可分泌具有癌胚組織特性的蛋白質(例如肝癌細胞的甲胎蛋白和生殖細胞組織)，
and appear to be frozen in an early state of differentiation that recapitulates a specific stage in normal organ development.
在正常器官生長的特殊階段-分化，癌細胞處於冷凍狀態。
For example, malignancies arising from the lymphoid system reflect all stages and types of B-and T-lymphocyte development and preserve the same complex of immunoglobulin
例如，淋巴系統中惡性腫瘤會體現在所有階段，T淋巴細胞和B淋巴細胞的發展也同樣如此，它保留了免疫球蛋白的複雜性，
and T-cell receptor gene rearrangement and cell surface proteins ( and in some cases potential for future differentiation) found in normal counterparts of the immune system.
T細胞受體基因重排以及細胞表面蛋白質(在許多情況下，這些細胞會繼續分化)，我們可以在正常的免疫系統中發現。
These properties have become the basis for classification, diagnosis, and even treatment of tumors,
這些特性是進行分類、診斷甚至是治療的基礎，
as, for example, classification of lymphoid tumors based on reactivity with monoclonal antibodies.
例如根據單克隆抗體爲基礎的淋巴細胞分類。
While the above characteristics are typical of most cancer cells, they are not universal.
上述特性適用於多數癌細胞，但它們不是普遍的。
Some endocrine-related tumors, for example, not only maintain well-differentiated morphologic features of their tissue of origin
例如一些內分泌相關腫瘤，它們在形態上就維持了組織初期的良好分化，
but also retain endocrine function and produce bioactive hormonal substances typical of the mature tissue, as in pheochromocy-tomas.
還保留了內分泌功能，併產生了成熟組織具備的生物活性激素，比如同嗜鉻細胞瘤。
