初中英語語法知識：句子成分劃分詳解
在初中階段，我們的英語學習難度加深。這一時期學生們要做好準備，迎接即將面對的大量知識點。語法知識的學習也有了新天地，千萬不要覺得它枯燥就不學它哦!語法可是英語中不可忽視的重要部分。下面就是初中英語語法知識——句子成分劃分的詳解。
主語：就是一個句子陳述的對象，或是動作的執行者。它回答的是“誰”“什麼”的問題。 如：我看書。誰看書?“我”。“我”就是這句子的主語。主語由名詞或相當於名詞的詞充當。(如動詞不定式，動名詞，代詞都可作主語，主語從句)
主語(subject):句子說明的人或事物。
The sun rises in the east. (名詞)
He likes dancing. (代詞)
Twenty years is a short time in history. (數詞)
Seeing is believing. (動名詞)
To see is to believe. (不定式)
What he needs is a book.(主語從句)
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. (It形式主語，主語從句是真正主語)
謂語：說明主語是什麼，幹什麼，怎麼樣。它回答的是主語“幹什麼，是什麼”的問題。
如上句中主語“我”幹什麼?“看書”。“看書”就是謂語。 一個句子，一般都可分成主、謂兩大部分(祈使句是省主句)。再細分又可分成謂語(動詞)、賓語，表語，補語(包括賓補和主補)，定語，狀語，同位語等。 如第一例中謂語部分可劃分成謂語(看)和賓語(書)。 謂語部分中心詞一定要是一個動詞，要麼是行爲動詞，要麼是系動詞，不同的動詞構成不同的句子類型。 句子的各種時態、人稱和數的變化都在謂語動詞上變。
謂語(predicate):說明主語的動作、狀態和特徵。
We study English.
賓語：指謂語動詞所涉及的對象，由名、代、數，賓語從句等相當於名詞的詞句充當，但人稱代詞要用賓格。 如：還說上例。謂語動詞是“看”，看什麼?看“書”，“書”是動詞“看”所涉及的對象，是“看”的賓語。 需要說明的是：只有及物動詞和介詞或相當於及物動詞和介詞的短語纔可帶賓語。
1)動作的承受者-----動賓
I like China.(名詞)
He hates you.(代詞)
How many do you need? We need two.(數詞)
We should help the old and the poor.
I enjoy working with you. (動名詞)
I hope to see you again. (不定式)
Did you write down what he said?(賓語從句)
2) 介詞後的名詞、代詞和動名詞-----介賓
Are you afraid of the snake?
Under the snow, there are many rocks.
3) 雙賓語-----間賓(指人)和直賓(指物)
He gave me a book yesterday.
Give the poor man some money.
表語：是和系動詞緊密相連的。在陳述句中系動詞後面的就是表語，這就是“主系表”結構。作表語的也是名詞性的詞，也可以是從句。
表語(predicative):系動詞之後的成分，表示主語的性質、狀態和特徵。
He is a teacher. (名詞)
Seventy-four! You don’t look it.(代詞)
Five and five is ten.(數詞)
He is asleep. (形容詞)
His father is in. (副詞)
The picture is on the wall. (介詞短語)
My watch is gone / missing / lost. (形容詞化的分詞)
To wear a flower is to say“I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring.(不定式)
The question is whether they will come (表語從句)
常見的系動詞有: be, sound(聽起來), look(看起來), feel(摸起來), smell(聞起來), taste(嘗、吃起來), remain(保持，仍是), feel(感覺)
It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.
Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.
The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.
The door remains open. Now I feel tired.
定語：修飾限定名詞、代詞的詞，說明所修飾詞的性質、特徵等， 如 a tall boy中，tall修飾boy,tall是boy的定語。可作定語的有形容詞、名詞、副詞、定語從句、分詞等。不定代詞的定語一律後置。
定語：修飾或限制名詞或代詞的詞、詞組或句子。
Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.(名詞)
He is our friend.(代詞)
We belong to the third world. (數詞)
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(形容詞)
The man over there is my old friend.(副詞)
The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介詞)
The boys playing football are in Class 2. (現在分詞)
The trees planted last year are growing well now.(過去分詞)
I have an idea to do it well. (不定式)
You should do everything that I do. (定語從句)
狀語：修飾動詞、副詞、形容詞甚至整句，說明謂語動作發生的時間、地點、方式、伴隨狀況、目的等等。如：他在燈下看書。“在燈下”是狀語。
補語：補充說明主語或賓語的成份,補充說明主語的叫主語補足語，補充賓語叫賓語補足語。如：他把我逗笑了。
He made me laugh.
主語：he; 謂語：made; 賓語：me; 賓補：laugh.
補語和它補充說明的成份之間有邏輯上的主謂關係，這可以把它和其它成份區分開。如：上句賓語me和賓補laugh之間，laugh的動作是me來做的。這就是一種邏輯上的主謂關係。把這兩部分單拿出來可以成一句完整的話，即I laughed.
賓補：對賓語的補充，全稱爲賓語補足語。
We elected him monitor. (名詞)
We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here.(名)
We will make them happy.(形容詞)
We found nobody in. (副詞)
Please make yourself at home.(介詞短語)
Don’t let him do that.(省to不定式)
His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(帶to不定式)
Don’t keep the lights burning.(現在分詞)
I’ll have my bike repaired.(過去分詞)
主補：對主語的補充。
He was elected monitor.
She was found singing in the next room. He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.
語法是句子的框架，學語法應該說是學習語言的一個捷徑。相對而言，句子的靈魂是詞彙，學習是個長期積累過程，詞彙積累更是如此。學習也要講究方法，活學活用，在運用中記憶，不能死記硬背。另外，語言都有些相通的地方，結合母語對照學習也很有效。
I will go there tomorrow.
The meeting will be held in the meetingroom.
The meat went bad because of the hot weather.
He studies hard to learn English well.
He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam.
I like some of you very much.
If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
He goes to school by bike.
Though he is young, he can do it well.
簡單句的五個基本句型
主語 + 不及物動詞
She came./ My head aches.
主語 + 及物動詞 +賓語
She likes English.
主語 + 系動詞 +主語補語
She is happy.
主語 + 雙賓動詞 +間接賓語 +直接賓語
She gave John a book. She bought a book for me.
主語 + 賓補動詞 + 賓語 + 賓語補語
She makes her mother angry. The teacher asked me to read the passage.
(There +be There lies a book on the desk. )
知道了句子的成分，能夠準確地分析出它們來，這對於我們在英語考試中更好的理解閱讀、翻譯、完形填空、聽力等題型有着不小的影響，同樣對於我們的英語寫作也是有積極益處的。所以滬江小編希望大家能夠認真對待這部分知識點。
