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狗狗爲何有靈敏的嗅覺
What Makes Dogs Such Great Sniffers?
是什麼讓狗狗擁有極好的嗅覺呢?
Watch a dog greeting the world with its nose, or following invisible trails of scent, and you might wonder what you’re missing. In one study, dogs were able to smell a particular test scent a thousand times better than humans! What makes dogs such stupendous sniffers?
當看到一條狗用鼻子問候，或它正追尋着無形的味道時，或許想自己是不是丟了什麼東西。一項研究發現，在聞某種特殊的氣味時，狗的嗅覺要比人類強上千倍。到底是什麼使得狗成爲驚人的嗅探器呢?
Smell Receptors
嗅覺接受器
Like humans, dogs have special smell receptor cells lining their noses. But dogs have about 20 times more of these cells than we do–and the differences don’t stop there!
像人類一樣，狗在鼻子旁邊有着特別的嗅覺接受器細胞。但狗擁有的嗅覺細胞是我們人類的20多倍，且差別不止這些。
From the receptor cells, information about smell travels along nerves to the olfactory bulbs, the parts of the brain where information about smell is processed. Relative to the size of its brain, a dog’s olfactory bulbs are much bigger than most other animals. If the animal kingdom held a sniffing Olympics, dogs and rats would probably battle for the gold, leaving the rest of us in the dust.
嗅覺信息從這些接收器細胞沿着神經被運輸到嗅球，大腦中關於氣味的信息在此處理。與動物的大腦尺寸相關，狗的嗅球比大多數其他動物要大的多。如果動物王國舉行一場嗅覺奧林匹克賽的話，狗和老鼠很可能爲冠軍而戰，其它動物就望塵莫及了。
Tongue Transportation
舌頭傳輸
Another advantage dogs have is that the schnoz isn’t the only tool they use for smelling. When a dog licks your hand, or something less savory found in the street, its tongue transports molecules from that surface into its mouth. Just above the roof of the dog’s mouth is the vomeronasal organ, which gathers information on smell from the molecules the tongue delivers. Humans have vomeronasal organs, too, but compared to dogs, ours are very rudimentary.
狗的優勢不僅在於它的鼻子。當一條狗添你的手，或添地上的一些不怎麼好吃的東西時，它的舌頭將水分子傳輸到它的嘴裏。在狗嘴正上方的犁鼻器可用來收集關於舌頭傳過來的水分子的氣味。人類也有犁鼻器，但與狗相比，我們的還處於初級階段。
Although all dogs are stupendous sniffers, dogs bred for tracking such as beagles and bloodhounds are true professionals. There are also variations in individual dogs’ talents, and the dog’s diet and the type of scent all affect how well a dog can smell.
儘管所有的狗都是極好的嗅探器,在狗跟蹤方面，如米格魯獵犬和警犬是真正的專業人士。不同的狗也有不同的才能，狗的飲食和氣味的類型會影響狗的嗅覺。
老式冰淇淋機
Old Fashioned Ice Cream Makers
老式冰淇淋機
Have you ever seen an old-fashioned ice cream maker? Nestled inside the wooden bucket, there’s a metal canister with a hand crank on top. Cranking the handle scrapes the sweet, creamy mixture from the sides of the metal canister, which sits in a bath of ice water and salt. But what does salt have to do with freezing?
你是否見過冰淇淋機?這種冰淇淋機帶有木桶，而木桶內安裝了一個頂上帶手搖曲柄的金屬罐。搖動手柄將糖和奶油的混合物從泡在冰鹽水中的金屬罐的一邊擠出來。但是鹽在冰凍過程中有什麼作用?
Why not just use plain ice water?
爲什麼不是隻使用淡冰水?
The bath of salty ice water freezes ice cream faster than plain ice water could. And speedy freezing does more than minimize the cranking time on a hot summer’s day. A fast freezing process also yields small crystals, insuring a silky texture. Slower freezing could make big crystals with an unpleasant crunch, kind of like ice cream that’s gritty with freezer-burn.
盆中的冰鹽水能比淡冰水更快的凍結冰淇淋。在炎日的夏天，快速製冷能夠最大限度的減少搖動手柄的時間。快速製冷過程也能夠產生微小的冰晶，確保絲滑的口感。較慢的製冷過程則形成大的冰晶體，使口感變差，似乎冰激凌表面因爲冷凍變硬了。
The coldest that salt less ice water can get is 32 degrees Fahrenheit, where there’s a balance between the rates of melting and freezing. Add salt to the mix and the energy balance tips, allowing the temperature to drop below 32 without freezing.
含有少量鹽的冰水溫度最低可達華氏32度，這一溫度是凝固和融化的平衡點。將鹽加到最大量能打破能量平衡，使得溫度低於32度而不結冰。
Salty
鹽
Let’s say you toss a handful of salt into ice water, and the temperature drops to 20 degrees. At this lower temperature, salty ice water can absorb more heat from the mixture inside the canister, freezing it faster than salt less ice water could. This means you can quit cranking sooner, kick back on the porch and enjoy some good-old-fashioned ice cream.
讓我們嘗試一下，你將少量鹽投放到冰水裏，溫度降到了20度。在這種低溫裏，鹽水能從金屬罐裏的混合物中吸收更多的熱量，與淡冰水相比能儘快將其凍結。這意味着你能快速停止搖動，返回走廊，享受美味的老式冰淇淋了。
