中英雙語話歷史 第78期:元朝(文化)
The intermingling of different religions and the position of Lamaism ： Like the Tang Dynasty, when many religions came to China from the West and from the inland of Asia, Yuan China as open to the merchants coming from the West, who had different religious beliefs.
Muslims were special allies of the Mongols and had therefore access to many positions prohibited from Chinese.
穆斯林是蒙古人的特別盟友，因此其中的很多職位對於漢人來說受到限制。A special place in the Mongol empire was reserved for Lamaism. Lamaism enjoyed state protection.
喇嘛教在蒙古帝國有其特殊地位，享有蒙古人的國家保護。
As Buddhism in China had already reached and even surpassed the summit, the history of Chinese Buddhism was ready to be written down, like in the book F〇zu Lidai Tongshi.
佛教在中國已經達到甚至已過了高峯期，因此，當時中國的佛教史已經可以著書立傳了，即《佛祖歷代通史》。Religion was also a tool for the masses to rebell against the harsh Mongol rule, the exploitation by the exclusive class of Mongols and the rich Chinese gentry.
但是，宗教也是羣衆反對蒙古人殘暴統治、反對蒙古階級的剝削和漢人貴族的工具。The secret societies rebelling against Mongol rule with the protection of religions were the White Lotus Society (Bailianjiao), the White Cloud Society (Baiyun-jiao) and the Red Turbans (Hongjin).
在反對蒙古人統治的歷史上，曾經利用宗教做掩護的組織有白蓮教、白雲教和紅巾軍。Yuan songs and main writers： Yuan songs are as important as Tang poetry and Song ci, which represents the important achievement in the literature in Yuan Dynasty.
元曲及其代表作家:元曲與唐詩、宋詞並稱，它代表了元代文學的主要成就。Yuan songs include Sanqu was and Zaju. Sanqu was the new style verses in the Yuan Dynasty, and zaju(Yuan dramas) was a kind of comprehensive drama.
元曲包含散曲和雜劇兩個部分，散曲是元代的新體詩,雜劇是一種綜合性的戲劇藝術。The famous writers and their masterpieces in the Yuan Dynasty are： Guan Hanqing and his u Dou E Yuan 11, Wang Shipu and his u Xixiang Ji, Ma Zhiyuan and his Han Qiugong and Bai Pu and his M Wutong Yu yy and so on.
元代著名的雜劇作家及其作品有:關漢卿的《竇娥冤》，王實甫的《西廂記》，馬致遠的《漢宮秋》，白樸的《梧桐雨》等。Of all the writers, Guan Hanqing had the greatest influence. He had written more than 60 plays, and more than ten of them have been handed down so far.
其中關漢卿的影響最大，他寫過60多個劇本，流傳到現在的尚有10多個。In 1958, Guan Hanqing was listed as the world literary celebrity.
1958年，關漢卿被列爲世界文化名人。The science of history and Wen Xian Tong Kaoby Ma Duanlin ： The science of history in the Yuan Dynasty has made achievements in many ways.
史學及馬端臨的《文獻通考》:元朝的史學成就是多力面的。The representatives of the historical works are the privately compiled w Wen Xian Tong Kao ty and the official revision of u The History of Song 11 , u The History of Liao and The History of Jin ry and so on.
較有代表性的史學著作有私家編撰的《文獻通考》等和官修的《宋史》、《遼史》、和《金史》等。Wen Xian Tong Kao was compiled by the historian Ma Duanlin in the early years of the Yuan Dynasty. It covers more than twenty-four fields such as tax, monetary, registered permanent residence and the positions etc. The book has three hundred and forty-eight volumes.
《文獻通考》是宋末元初史學家馬端臨編撰,分田賦、錢幣、戶口、職役等24門類，共348卷。Scientific achievements and uThe Official Calendar^ by Guo Shoujing： It had its development in science and technology in the Yuan Dynasty.
科學成就與郭守敬的《授時歷》：元朝科學技術也有所發展。Great achievements were made in mathematics, astronomy, calendar, geography, agriculture and medicine etc.
在數學、天文歷5法、地理學、農業科學、醫藥學等方面都有許多成就。A Book of Agriculture ty by Wang Zhen in the Yuan Dynasty is the most perfect encyclopedia about agriculture since the u Qi Min Yao Shu ty.
元朝王禎的《農書》，是《齊民要術》以來最完備的農業知識百科全書。The scientist Guo Shoujing in the Yuan Dynasty was good at astronomy, calendar, mathematics and water conservancy, who stressed on the on-spot observation.
元朝科學家郭守敬,精於天文曆法、數學和水利，並重視實地觀側。He had made thirteen kinds of astronomic equipments and observed, measured the celestial phenomena.
他製作了13種天文儀器，並對天象進行實側。On the basis of his observation and research, Guo Shoujing made the u Imperial Calendar.
郭守敬根據觀側和研究,制定了《授時歷》。The Imperial Calendar 11 took 365. 2425 days as a year and which only missed 26 seconds compared with the real time needed that the sun goes around the earth once. It is same to the Geliego Calendar in use today, but it was three hundred years earlier than the Geliego Calendar.
《授時歷》以365. 2425天爲一歲，和地球繞太陽一週的實際時間只差26秒，與和現行的公曆（《格列高利曆》）一年週期相同，但比現行公曆的確立早300年。The communication of the Eastern and Western cultures： In the era of Song and Yuan, esp. in the Yuan Dynasty, the culture between China and the west got obvious development.
元朝東西文化的交流:宋元時期，特別在元代，中國和西方的文化交流有了顯著發展。The four great inventions of China (printing, compass, gunpowder and papermaking) were introduced to Europe by the Arabians and they played an important part in the development of economy and science in Europe.
中國的四大發明（印刷術,指南針、火藥和造紙術)先後經過阿拉伯人傳人歐洲，對歐州的經濟文化發展起了重要作用。The three west expeditions of the Mongols promoted the communication between China and Europe.
蒙古貴族三次西征，客觀上促進了中國同歐洲的聯繫。The ambassadors, merchants, travelers and priests from the west came to China continuously. The most famous one of them was Marco. Poro.
西方各國的使臣、商人、旅行家、傳教士絡繹不絕來到中國，其中最著名的是意大利威尼斯人馬可?波羅。He came to China in 1271 and had stayed in China for seventeen years. He had been an official in the Yuan government and had traveled to many big cities in China then.
馬可?波羅於1271年來到中國，留居中國17年，曾在元朝做官，遊歷過中國許多大城市。He described vividly about China then in his u Journey of Marco. Poroy,, which stimulated the Westerners9 desire for the Chinese civilizations.
他在《馬可?波羅行記》中對當時的中國作了生動具休的描寫，激起了西方人對中國文明的嚮往。
