國家發改委關於國民經濟和社會發展計劃報告 中英雙語

國家發展和改革委員會

REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2008 PLAN FOR NATIONAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND ON THE 2009 DRAFT PLAN FOR NATIONAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Second Session of the Eleventh National People's Congress March 5, 2009
National Development and Reform Commission

各位代表：
Fellow Deputies,

受國務院委託，現將2008年國民經濟和社會發展計劃執行情況與2009年國民經濟和社會發展計劃草案提請十一屆全國人大二次會議審議，並請全國政協各位委員提出意見。
The National Development and Reform Commission has been entrusted by the State Council to report on the implementation of the 2008 plan for national economic and social development and on the 2009 draft plan for national economic and social development for your deliberation and approval at the Second Session of the Eleventh National People's Congress (NPC), and also for comments and suggestions from the members of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).

一、2008年國民經濟和社會發展計劃執行情況
I. Implementation of the 2008 Plan for National Economic and Social Development

過去的一年，是很不尋常、很不平凡的一年，我國經濟社會發展經歷了多方面難以預料、歷史罕見的重大挑戰和嚴峻考驗。全國各族人民在中國共產黨的領導下，深入貫徹落實科學發展觀，按照十一屆全國人大一次會議審議批准的國民經濟和社會發展計劃，克服重重困難，排除各種突發事件的干擾，全面奪取抗擊南方部分地區嚴重低溫雨雪冰凍災害和四川汶川特大地震災害鬥爭重大勝利；成功舉辦北京奧運會、殘奧會，成功完成神舟七號載人航天飛行任務；特別是積極應對國際金融危機衝擊，保持了經濟平穩較快發展和社會和諧穩定。計劃執行情況總體是好的。
The year 2008 was an extraordinary and eventful year for China. Our country's economic and social development experienced a variety of severe challenges and tests that were hardly anticipated and rarely seen. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the people of all our ethnic groups thoroughly applied the Scientific Outlook on Development, followed the plan for national economic and social development adopted at the First Session of the Eleventh NPC, surmounted numerous difficulties, and eliminated interference from emergencies of all kinds. Finally, we won great victories in dealing with the devastating snow and ice storms in parts of the south and the massive earthquake that hit Wenchuan, Sichuan Province. We successfully held the Beijing Olympic and Paralympic Games and accomplished the Shenzhou VII manned space flight mission. In particular, we actively responded to the severe impact of the global financial crisis, sustained steady and fairly rapid economic development and maintained social harmony and stability. The Plan for 2008 was, on the whole, implemented well.

（一）經濟平穩較快增長
1. The economy grew steadily and rapidly.

全年國內生產總值超過30萬億元，增長9．0％，比世界經濟平均增長率高出5個多百分點。規模以上工業增加值比上年增長12．9％，輕、重工業分別增長12．3％和13．2％。全年社會消費品零售總額達到10．85萬億元，增長21．6％，增速比上年加快4．8個百分點；全社會固定資產投資總額17．23萬億元，增長25．5％，國內需求特別是消費需求對經濟增長的拉動作用增強。
China's GDP topped 30 trillion yuan in 2008, a year-on-year increase of 9.0% and more than five percentage points higher than the average world economic growth rate. The value-added of large industrial enterprises increased by 12.9% over 2007, with that of light and heavy industries rising 12.3% and 13.2% respectively. Retail sales of consumer goods rose 21.6% to 10.85 trillion yuan, up 4.8 percentage points. Fixed asset investment across the country totaled 17.23 trillion yuan, up 25.5%. Domestic demand, particularly consumer demand, played a greater role in boosting economic growth.

經濟效益繼續保持增長。國家財政收入6．13萬億元，增長19．5％。單位國內生產總值能耗進一步降低，全年降幅爲4．59％；二氧化硫、化學需氧量排放量減少的勢頭得到鞏固，全年分別下降5．95％和4．42％。萬元工業增加值用水量下降7．0％。節約集約用地工作力度加大，土地利用效率繼續提高。
Economic performance continued to improve. National revenue reached 6.13 trillion yuan in 2008, up 19.5% year on year. Energy consumption per unit of GDP continued to decline in 2008, down 4.59%. Sulfur dioxide emissions and chemical oxygen demand kept falling, down 5.95% and 4.42% respectively, and this trend became more firmly set. Water consumption per 10,000 yuan of value-added by industry dropped by 7.0%. Efforts were intensified to use land more economically and intensively, resulting in continued improvement in land-use efficiency.

（二）價格漲幅逐步回落
2. There was a gradual decline in the rate of price increase.

針對上半年國內食品價格上漲過快和國際市場糧食、油料價格急劇上漲對穩定物價帶來的巨大壓力，採取了綜合性政策措施。一方面，努力保障供給。制定並組織實施扶持政策，促進糧食、生豬、油料、奶業、蛋雞等生產發展；加強重要農副產品的緊急調運和產銷銜接，緩解東北糧食、部分地區特別是災區農產品賣難和流通不暢問題；採取財稅支持、控制出口、鼓勵進口、國家儲備吞吐調節等綜合措施，保障糧食、成品油、化肥等重要商品的市場供應和價格穩定。另一方面，加強市場監管。對糧食、食用植物油等重要商品實施臨時價格干預措施。組織開展農資價格、成品油價格、醫藥價格和涉農收費、涉企收費、教育收費等專項檢查，積極引導經營者價格自律，嚴厲打擊囤積居奇、哄擡價格、串通漲價等違法行爲。與此同時，兩次提高低保補助水平，確保低收入羣體的基本生活不會因物價上漲受到明顯影響。進入四季度後，通貨膨脹壓力明顯減弱，全年居民消費價格上漲5．9％；生產資料和農資價格漲幅也迅速回落，12月份生產資料出廠價格同比下降1．9％，農資價格漲幅比最高時的7月份回落12．4個百分點。
We adopted comprehensive policies and measures to counteract the great pressure that ballooning domestic food prices and the surge in the prices of grain and oilseed on the international market in the first half of 2008 placed on our efforts to stabilize prices. On the one hand, we worked to ensure adequate supplies. We formulated and implemented supporting policies to boost grain, oilseed and egg production and hog and dairy farming. We strengthened the emergency allocation and transport of important farm and sideline products, improved coordination between their production and sale, and alleviated problems concerning the sale and distribution of grain in northeast China and farm products in some areas, especially disaster-stricken areas. We took measures that combined fiscal and tax policy support, export controls, import inducements and manipulation of state reserves to ensure adequate market supplies and steady prices for important commodities such as grain, refined petroleum products and fertilizer. On the other hand, we strengthened market oversight. We instituted temporary measures to hold down the prices of grain, edible vegetable oil and other important commodities. We organized and carried out inspections focused on prices for agricultural supplies, refined petroleum products, medical care and drugs, and charges related to farmers, enterprises and education; actively encouraged business managers to exercise self-discipline in setting prices; and severely cracked down on violations of the law such as hoarding for speculation and colluding to drive up prices. At the same time, we raised the level of the cost of living allowances twice to ensure that the basic living standard of low-income groups would not be significantly affected by price increases. Beginning in the fourth quarter, the inflationary pressure subsided considerably. The consumer price index (CPI) rose by 5.9% for the year. The rate of price increase for means of production, including agricultural supplies, also fell rapidly, with producer prices for means of production in December down 1.9% year on year and the inflation rate for agricultural supplies down 12.4 percentage points from its July high.

（三）“三農”工作進一步加強
3. Work related to agriculture, rural areas and farmers was further intensified.

強農惠農政策力度不斷加大。耕地保護工作繼續加強。研究制定了進一步扶持農業和糧食生產的10項措施，組織編制了《全國新增1000億斤糧食生產能力規劃（2009－2020年）》。在糧食收購價格、涉農補貼和主要農產品收儲方面，進一步加大工作力度。三次大幅度提高糧食最低收購價，提價幅度超過20％；中央財政用於糧食直補、農資綜合補貼、良種補貼、農機具購置補貼的資金達1030億元，比上年增長1倍；實施主要農產品臨時收儲政策，共收購稻穀1178萬噸、玉米852萬噸、棉花131萬噸、油料67萬噸。
We constantly invigorated our policies to strengthen agriculture and benefit farmers and continued to intensify our efforts to protect farmland. We worked out ten measures to further support agriculture and grain production and organized the compilation of the Plan for Increasing the National Grain Production Capacity by 50 Billion Kilograms (2009-2020). We worked harder on the grain purchase prices, agricultural subsidies, and the purchase and storage of major farm products. We significantly raised minimum grain purchase prices three times, increasing them altogether by more than 20%. In addition, government allocations for direct subsidies to grain growers, general subsidies for agricultural supplies, subsidies for superior varieties of crops, and subsidies for the purchase of agricultural machinery and tools reached 103 billion yuan, up 100% from the previous year. We implemented the policy of temporary purchase and stockpiling of major agricultural products, and accordingly purchased 11.78 million tons of grain, 8.52 million tons of corn, 1.31 million tons of cotton and 670,000 tons of oilseed.

支農資金投入繼續增加。全年中央財政用於“三農”資金達5955．5億元，增長37．9％。糧食、油料、糖料、棉花生產基地和旱作農業示範基地建設步伐加快，動植物疫病防控體系、標準化規模養殖小區、種養業良種繁育基地、農產品質量安全檢驗檢測體系、農產品批發市場、糧油倉儲及現代物流設施建設進展順利。
We continued to increase funding to support agriculture, rural areas and farmers. Central government allocations in this area rose 37.9% to 595.55 billion yuan in 2008. We moved faster to build production bases for grain, oilseed, sugar crops and cotton, and demonstration bases for drought-resistant agriculture. We made smooth progress in developing the system for preventing and controlling animal and plant epidemics, large-scale standardized livestock, poultry and aquatic farming operations, bases for cultivating superior varieties and breeds, the system for quality and safety inspection and testing of agricultural products, wholesale markets for farm products, grain and edible oil storage facilities, and modern logistics facilities.

主要農副產品產量大幅增長。糧食連續5年豐收，全年總產量達到52850萬噸，增長5．4％，總產和單產均創歷史新高。棉花產量750萬噸，油料、糖料產量分別達到2950萬噸和13000萬噸，增長14．8％和6．7％；生豬生產恢復較快，肉類總產量7269萬噸，增長5．9％，奶業生產逐步恢復，全年牛奶產量增長3．6％；水產品產量4895萬噸，增長3．1％。優質高產高效農業取得新進展，無公害農產品、綠色食品、有機食品和農業標準化生產加快發展，優質小麥和優質水稻所佔比重分別達到68％和74％，比上年提高6．3個和1．9個百分點。
The output of major farm and sideline products increased significantly. We had good harvests for five consecutive years, with last year's total output rising 5.4% to 528.5 million tons, a record high for both total output and yield per unit area. Cotton output reached 7.5 million tons in 2008; oilseed production was 29.5 million tons, up 14.8%, and sugar crop yield stood at 130 million tons, up 6.7%. Hog production recovered rapidly last year, and the total output of meat increased 5.9% to 72.69 million tons. Dairy farming also recovered gradually with total milk output up 3.6%. The output of aquatic products came to 48.95 million tons, up 3.1%. Further progress was made in developing high-quality, high-yield, and cost-efficient agriculture. Production of pollution-free agricultural products and green and organic foodstuffs and standardization of agricultural production were accelerated. High-quality wheat was planted in 68% of China's total wheat acreage, and high-quality rice accounted for 74% of the total rice acreage, up 6.3 and 1.9 percentage points respectively from the previous year.

農村生產生活條件進一步改善。病險水庫除險加固、大型灌區續建配套與節水改造工程加快實施，中部大型排澇泵站更新改造規劃提前完成，開工建設了一批骨幹水利工程。繼續加強農村水電氣路建設，飲水安全工程使4824萬農民受益，新增沼氣用戶500萬戶，新建、改建農村公路39．1萬公里。“萬村千鄉”、“雙百”市場工程進展順利。
Working and living conditions continued to improve in rural areas. Implementation of the projects to reinforce dangerous reservoirs, and build auxiliary facilities and upgrade water-saving devices in large irrigated areas was sped up; work on the plan to upgrade large drainage pumping stations in the central region was completed ahead of schedule, and construction on a number of key water conservancy projects was begun. Development of water and power supplies, methane facilities and roads was further strengthened in rural areas. As a result, 48.24 million farmers benefited from the safe drinking water project; methane gas was made available to five million more households; an additional 391,000 kilometers of rural roads were built or upgraded last year. The project to encourage retailers to open stores in more townships and villages and the project to support 100 large wholesale markets for farm products and 100 large rural retail distributors both progressed smoothly.

（四）結構調整取得重要進展
4. Important progress was made in structural adjustment.

自主創新能力繼續增強。新修訂的科技進步法公佈實施，國家中長期科學和技術發展規劃綱要實施順利，配套政策進一步完善。科技創新投入大幅增加，中央財政科技投入1163億元，增長16．4％。大型油氣田、極大規模集成電路等16個國家重大科技專項全面進入實施階段，國家科技支撐、863、973等科技計劃進展順利，知識創新三期工程建設全面啓動，大天區望遠鏡、重離子加速器等國家重大科技基礎設施建成投入使用，在信息、生物和環保等領域新建了18個國家工程中心，新認定了76家國家級企業技術中心，支持了90家企業技術中心創新能力建設。自主研發了百萬億次超級計算機，新支線飛機ARJ21－700首飛成功。
Our capacity for independent innovation continued to increase. The newly revised Law on Scientific and Technological Advances was promulgated and implemented in 2008. The Outline of the National Program for Long- and Medium-Term Scientific and Technological Development was implemented smoothly and its supporting policies were further improved. Funding for scientific and technological innovation was increased significantly. Expenditures on science and technology from the central budget in 2008 totaled 116.3 billion yuan, up 16.4%. The 16 major state science and technology projects, including development of large-scale oil and gas fields and ultra-large scale integrated circuits, all entered the implementation phase. Smooth progress was made in implementing the National Key Technology R&D Program, the March 1986 High-Tech Program, the March 1997 Program for Basic Research, and other science and technology programs. The third phase of the Knowledge Innovation Program was fully launched. Development of major state science and technology infrastructure such as the large sky area multi-object fiber spectroscopic telescope and the heavy ion research facility was completed, and they became operational. An additional 18 national engineering research centers were built in areas such as information technology, biotechnology and environmental protection; 76 more enterprise technology centers received state recognition; 90 enterprise technology centers received government support to enhance their innovation capacity. A 100 teraflops supercomputer was developed independently, and the new ARJ21-700 regional jet made a successful maiden flight.

高技術產業和裝備製造業發展加快。生物醫藥、衛星應用等13個高技術產業化專項實施順利，在信息、生物、新能源、新材料、民用航空航天等領域新認定了37個高技術產業基地，發放了3張第三代移動通信牌照。2008年，54個國家高新區工業增加值增長18．6％。振興裝備製造業的政策體系不斷完善，一批重大裝備和關鍵設備研製成功。空客A320天津總裝線正式投入運營，1000千伏交流特高壓輸電試驗示範線路的關鍵設備研製成功，兆瓦級風電設備開始批量生產。同時，繼續依法淘汰落後生產能力，全年關停小火電1669萬千瓦、小煤礦1054處，水泥、鋼鐵、電解鋁等行業落後產能淘汰工作進展順利。高耗能、高排放行業生產增幅明顯放緩，鋼鐵、煤炭、建材等行業優勢企業兼併重組步伐加快。
Development of high-tech industries and equipment manufacturing was accelerated. Thirteen projects to apply biomedicine, satellite and other high technologies in production were implemented smoothly; 37 more high-tech industrial bases were certified in areas such as information technology, biotechnology, new energy sources, new materials, civil aviation and civil aerospace; three licenses were issued for third generation mobile communications. The value-added of the 54 national new and high technology development zones rose 18.6% in 2008. The policy framework to reinvigorate the equipment manufacturing industry was constantly improved, and R&D on a number of major equipment and key facilities was carried out successfully. The final assembly line for Airbus A320 was put into operation in Tianjin; R&D on the key equipment of the experimental demonstration line for transmitting 1,000-kilovolt AC ultrahigh-tension power was carried out successfully; mass production of megawatt wind power facilities was started. In addition, we continued to shut down backward production facilities in accordance with the law. Small thermal power plants with a total power generating capacity of 16.69 million kilowatts and 1,054 small coalmines were shut down last year, and shutdowns also progressed smoothly in the cement, steel and electrolytic aluminum industries. The growth of production in energy intensive and highly polluting industries slowed down significantly, and mergers and reorganizations of competitive enterprises in the steel, coal and building-material industries were accelerated.

基礎設施和基礎產業穩定發展。新增公路通車裏程近10萬公里，其中高速公路6433公里；新建鐵路投產里程1719公里，增建鐵路複線投產里程1935公里，電氣化鐵路投產里程1955公里，武漢－合肥鐵路全面建成，京滬高速鐵路、北京－石家莊－武漢客運專線和蘭渝、貴廣等西部幹線及其他一批重大鐵路項目開工建設；港口萬噸級碼頭泊位新增吞吐能力3．3億噸；港珠澳大橋前期工作取得實質性進展；新建康定、榆林、長白山等8個民用機場。福建寧德、福清與廣東陽江、浙江方家山4個核電項目開工建設，兩淮煤炭基地竣工驗收，國家石油儲備一期工程交付使用。全年原煤產量27．9億噸，增長4．1％，新增發電裝機9051萬千瓦。
Infrastructure and basic industries developed steadily. A total of nearly 100,000 kilometers of highways, including 6,433 kilometers of expressways, were opened to traffic in 2008. A total of 1,719 kilometers of newly built railway lines, 1,935 kilometers of double-track rail lines, and 1,955 kilometers of electric rail lines were put into operation. The Wuhan-Hefei Railway was completed, and construction was begun on the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway, Beijing-Shijiazhuang-Wuhan passenger line, trunk rail lines in the western region such as Lanzhou-Chongqing Railway and Guiyang-Guangzhou Railway, and a number of other major railway projects. Annual cargo handling capacity of berths for 10,000 ton-class or larger ships increased by 330 million tons; substantial progress was made in preparatory work on the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge; eight more civilian airports were built last year, including ones in Kangding, Yulin and Changbaishan. Construction was begun on four nuclear power stations in Ningde and Fuqing, Fujian Province; Yangjiang, Guangdong Province; and Fangjiashan, Zhejiang Province. Work on a large coalmining base in Huainan and Huaibei coalmines was completed and passed acceptance inspection. The first phase of the state petroleum reserves project became operational. Coal output was 2.79 billion tons in 2008, up 4.1%, and installed power-generating capacity increased by 90.51 million kilowatts.

服務業發展態勢良好。支持服務業加快發展的政策體系不斷完善，新農村綜合信息服務、基礎教育信息資源開發與服務、中小企業電子商務服務等信息化試點示範工程啓動實施。運用服務業發展引導資金，重點支持了先進製造業服務體系、農業生產配套服務體系建設。第三產業增加值達到12．05萬億元，比上年增長9．5％，2003年以來增幅首次超過第二產業。
There was good development momentum in the service sector. Our policy system for supporting faster development of the service sector was constantly improved. IT-based demonstration pilot projects were implemented to provide comprehensive information services for building a new countryside, develop and provide computerized basic education resources, and provide e-commerce services for small and medium-sized enterprises. We set aside guidance funds to support development of the service sector, with the focus on developing a system of services for advanced manufacturing and a system of services for agricultural production. The value-added of tertiary industry rose 9.5% to 12.05 trillion yuan in 2008, the first time since 2003 that it grew faster than secondary industry.

區域發展協調性增強。新開工了10項西部大開發重點工程，投資總規模達4361億元，落實退耕還林後續政策，鞏固退耕還林成果，實施退牧還草523萬公頃。東北地區等老工業基地振興步伐加快，確定了全國首批12個資源枯竭城市，東北中小企業信用再擔保機構正式成立。中部地區26個城市比照實施振興東北地區等老工業基地有關政策、243個縣（市、區）比照實施西部大開發有關政策逐步落實，中部城市羣發展勢頭強勁，“三個基地、一個樞紐”建設取得積極進展。東部地區在轉變發展方式、調整經濟結構、推動體制創新等方面繼續走在全國前列，出臺了推進長江三角洲地區改革開放和經濟社會發展指導意見以及珠江三角洲地區改革發展規劃綱要，經濟特區、上海浦東新區、天津濱海新區開發開放繼續向縱深發展。制定和實施了一批扶持老少邊窮地區發展的政策性文件，區域合作和對口支援不斷拓展，東部產業向中西部地區轉移呈良好態勢。
Development became more balanced among regions. Construction was begun on ten more key projects for the large-scale development of the western region, with a total investment reaching 436.1 billion yuan. The follow-up policy to consolidate progress made in reforesting farmland was implemented, and an additional 5.23 million hectares of grazing land was returned to grassland. Rejuvenation of northeast China and other old industrial bases was accelerated. The first group of 12 cities dependent on now-depleted resources was designated, and a credit re-guarantee company was established for small and medium-sized enterprises in northeast China. We gradually implemented the policy for the central region, which calls for following the rejuvenation policy for northeast China and other old industrial bases in 26 cities of the region and the development policy for the western region in 243 counties or county-level cities and districts. Powerful momentum was maintained in developing clusters of cities in the central region, and encouraging progress was made in developing three different kinds of production bases and a system of integrated transportation hubs for the region. The eastern region continued to lead the country in changing the pattern of development, adjusting economic structure, and promoting institutional innovation. Guidelines on promoting reform, opening up and economic and social development in the Yangtze Delta area and the outline of the program for reform and development of the Pearl River Delta area were promulgated, and development and opening up in the special economic zones, the Shanghai Pudong New Area and the Tianjin Binhai New Area continued to deepen. A number of policies were formulated and implemented to support the development of old revolutionary areas, ethnic minority areas, border areas and poor areas. Cooperation between regions and cross-region one-to-one assistance continued to expand, and relocation of industries from the eastern region to the central and western regions progressed at a good pace.

（五）改革開放邁出新的步伐
5. Further progress was made in reform and opening up.

經濟體制改革繼續深化。農村綜合改革繼續深化，集體林權制度改革全面推開。公司制股份制改革和國有獨資公司董事會試點穩步推進，17家試點中央企業董事會中的外部董事都已超過半數。國有資本經營預算制度改革試點範圍擴大，電信企業資產和業務重組基本完成，初步形成了新移動、新電信和新聯通三足鼎立的競爭格局；航空工業體制改革取得重大進展，中航一、二集團合併重組爲中國航空工業集團公司。鼓勵支持和引導非公有制經濟發展的配套措施不斷完善。新的企業所得稅法得到較好落實，研究制定併發布實施了增值稅轉型改革方案。中國農業銀行和國家開發銀行改革取得重大進展，銀行業的資本實力、資產質量和防風險能力有了新的提高。資源性產品價格改革穩步推進，醞釀多年的成品油價格和稅費改革方案順利實施。修改完成了深化醫藥衛生體制改革的意見，研究制定了2009－2011年改革實施方案。綜合配套改革試點工作也取得了新的進展。
Economic restructuring continued to deepen. Overall rural reform was deepened and reform of the system of collective forest rights was carried out throughout the country. The reform to institute a corporate system or a stockholding system in state-owned enterprises and the pilot project to implement a board of directors system in wholly state-funded corporations progressed steadily, and outside directors now account for more than half of the board members in all 17 of the central government enterprises participating in the project. The trial reform of the budget system for state capital operations was extended to more areas. The restructuring of assets and business operations of telecommunication companies was basically completed, ushering in a competitive market dominated by three restructured telecom giants, China Mobile, China Telecom and China Unicom. Significant progress was made in restructuring the aviation industry, with the China Aviation Industry Corporations I and II being amalgamated into the Aviation Industry Corporation of China. Coordinated measures to encourage, support and guide the development of the non-public sector of the economy were continually improved. The new Law on Corporate Income Tax was implemented well. A plan for VAT reform was formulated and implemented. Important progress was made in there forms of the Agricultural Bank of China and the China Development Bank. The capital strength, asset quality and risk resistance of the banking industry improved. The reform of the prices of resource products progressed steadily. The plans to reform the prices of refined petroleum products and related taxes and fees, which took years to formulate, were implemented smoothly. Guidelines on deepening the reform of the medical and health care system were finalized, and a plan was formulated to implement the reform from 2009 through 2011. Further progress was also made in the pilot reforms to promote comprehensive and sustainable development.

開放型經濟繼續發展。對外貿易較快增長。全年進出口總額25616億美元，比上年增長17．8％。進出口商品結構繼續改善，機電產品、高新技術產品出口分別增長17．3％和13．1％。服務貿易快速發展。利用外資質量和水平進一步提升。完善了外商投資、借用國外貸款管理。全年吸收外商直接投資（不含銀行、證券、保險領域）924億美元，比上年增長23．6％，其中，服務貿易領域實際使用外資增長24．2％，西部和中部地區實際使用外資分別增長79．8％和36．4％。安排借用國外貸款230億美元，比上年增長5．4％。國家外匯儲備達到1．95萬億美元。企業對外投資合作步伐加快，全年對外直接投資（非金融部分）406．5億美元，比上年增長63．6％，對外工程承包和勞務合作保持較快發展。
The open economy continued to grow. Foreign trade grew rapidly. Total imports and exports for the year reached US$ 2.5616 trillion, up 17.8% over 2007. The trade mix was further improved as evidenced by 17.3% growth in the export of mechanical and electrical products and 13.1% growth for new- and high-tech products. Trade in services expanded rapidly. Foreign investment was used more effectively. Management of foreign investment and loans was improved. Foreign direct investment in 2008 (excluding that in the banking, securities and insurance sectors) amounted to$92.4 billion, 23.6% higher than the previous year. Of this total, paid-in investment in the trade in services grew by 24.2%, and paid-in investment in the western and central regions increased by79.8% and 36.4% respectively. A total of $23 billion of foreign loans were disbursed, a rise of 5.4% year on year. The state's foreign exchange reserves reached $1.95 trillion. Enterprises picked up the pace in making investment and undertaking cooperative projects overseas. Total overseas direct investment of Chinese enterprises (non-financial portion) for the year reached $40.65 billion, a rise of 63.6% over the previous year. Contracts for overseas projects and cooperation in the area of labor services maintained a rapid pace of development.

（六）民生工作和社會事業得到加強
6. Efforts were intensified to improve people's lives and strengthen social programs.

城鄉居民收入繼續增加、實惠增多。全年農村居民人均純收入和城鎮居民人均可支配收入分別達到4761元和15781元，實際增長8．0％和8．4％。促進就業、以創業帶動就業的政策進一步完善，城鎮新增就業1113萬人，年末城鎮登記失業率4．2％。社會保障覆蓋面繼續擴大，全國參加城鎮基本養老、城鎮基本醫療、失業、工傷、生育保險人數分別新增1753萬、9387萬、755萬、1637萬和1406萬。企業退休人員基本養老金人均每月新增110元，城鎮居民基本醫療保險試點城市新增229個，新型農村合作醫療制度實現全覆蓋（以縣爲單位）。被徵地農民社會保障制度建設取得新進展。新建城鎮廉租住房63萬套，通過實物配租和發放租賃補貼，又解決了190萬戶城市低收入家庭的住房困難。社區服務體系、兒童福利設施、流浪未成年人救助保護設施以及殘疾人綜合服務設施建設積極推進。扶貧開發力度加大、扶貧標準進一步提高，利用國家以工代賑資金建設了基本農田7．2萬公頃，解決了貧困地區190萬人、110萬頭牲畜飲水困難。安排西部地區易地扶貧搬遷人口32萬人。
The incomes of urban and rural residents continued to rise and they enjoyed greater benefits. Rural per capita net income reached 4,761 yuan and urban per capita disposable income came to 15,781 yuan, rising by 8% and 8.4% in real terms respectively. Policies to promote employment and to stimulate job creation by encouraging entrepreneurship were improved; 11.13 million new jobs were created for urban residents, and the registered urban unemployment rate stood at 4.2% at the end of the year. The social safety net continued to expand. There were 17.53 million people newly covered by urban basic old-age insurance, 93.87 million by urban basic medical insurance, 7.55 million by unemployment insurance, 16.37 million by workers' compensation and 14.06 million by maternity insurance. The level of basic old-age pensions for enterprise retirees was raised by 110 yuan per person per month. Trials of providing basic medical insurance for non-working urban residents were extended to 229 more cities. The new type of rural cooperative medical care system was set up in all targeted counties or county-level cities and districts. Further progress was made in developing the social security system for farmers whose land was expropriated. A total of 630,000 dwelling units of low-rent housing were built in urban areas, and the housing problem for a total of 1.9 million low-income urban families was resolved by providing them with low-income housing or granting them rent subsidies. Energetic progress was made in developing community-based services, children's welfare facilities, facilities for assisting and protecting homeless juveniles, and facilities providing comprehensive services for people with disabilities. Poverty alleviation through development was intensified, and the poverty line was raised again. Work-relief funds were used for developing 72,000 hectares of basic farmland. The potable-water problem was solved for 1.9 million people and 1.1 million heads of livestock in poverty-stricken areas. In the western region, 320,000 people were relocated from inhospitable places as a poverty relief effort.

各項社會事業建設得到加強。城鄉免費義務教育全面實施，職業教育加快發展，家庭經濟困難學生資助制度逐步完善。農村義務教育辦學條件進一步改善，在3519所農村初中學校新建689萬平方米學生生活設施，支持722所中等職業學校和縣級職教中心加強基礎能力建設；新建改擴建182所特殊教育學校。啓動實施高等教育“211工程”三期建設。高中階段教育毛入學率比上年提高8個百分點，普通高校招生數增加42萬人，研究生增加2．7萬人。基層醫療服務和計劃生育設施建設加快，支持了2萬餘所鄉鎮衛生院、430個縣醫院、209個縣中醫院和369個縣婦幼保健機構的建設；安排專門資金，支持159個地市級以上重點中醫院、1231個縣級和鄉鎮中心計劃生育服務站建設，對重大傳染病、地方病多發的邊遠地區8800多個村衛生室給予了支持。人口自然增長率5．08‰。廣播電視村村通、鄉鎮綜合文化站、文化和自然遺產地保護、旅遊等方面的支持力度明顯加大。新聞出版、文學藝術、哲學社會科學等事業繁榮發展。城鄉公共體育設施建設得到加強。
Social programs were strengthened. Free compulsory education was made universal in all urban and rural areas of the country. Vocational education developed at a faster pace. The system of financial aid for students from poor families was gradually improved. Conditions were improved in rural primary and junior secondary schools. A total of 6.89 million square meters of living facilities were built for 3,519 rural junior secondary schools. Support was provided for strengthening the infrastructure of 722 secondary vocational schools and county-level vocational education centers. There were 182 special education schools newly built, renovated or expanded. The third phase of the 211 Higher Education Project was begun. The secondary gross enrollment ratio was eight percentage points higher than the previous year. Regular undergraduate enrollment increased by 420,000, and graduate enrollment by 27,000. Development of community-level medical care services and family planning facilities was accelerated. Support was provided for building more than 20,000 clinics in towns and townships, 430 county hospitals, 209 Chinese medicine hospitals, and 369 maternity and child health centers. Special funds were used for developing 159 key Chinese medicine hospitals at or above the prefecture level, 1,231 county-level family planning service facilities and central family planning service stations for towns and townships, and more than 8,800 village clinics in remote areas plagued by serious infectious or endemic diseases. The natural population growth rate stood at 5.08. Support was significantly strengthened for programs such as extending radio and TV coverage to all villages, building multipurpose cultural centers in towns and townships, protecting cultural and natural heritage sites, and developing tourism. The press and publishing, literature and art, philosophy and the social sciences all prospered. The development of urban and rural public sports facilities was intensified.

（七）資源節約型和環境友好型社會建設加快
7. Development of a resource-conserving and environmentally friendly society was accelerated.

節能減排工作力度加大。全年累計安排423億元中央財政資金，支持十大重點節能工程建設、循環經濟發展、城鎮污水垃圾處理設施及配套管網改造、重點流域水污染治理和節能環保能力建設等。推廣節能燈6000多萬支，限產限售限用塑料購物袋取得明顯成效。發佈了國家重點節能技術推廣目錄，建築、交通運輸、公共機構節能取得新進展。實施節能減排科技專項行動，攻克了一批重點行業的重大節能減排技術，在重點領域和行業進行了大規模示範和推廣應用。第二批國家循環經濟示範試點順利實施，啓動了14家汽車零部件再製造試點。經濟政策的激勵作用進一步強化，發佈實施了節能節水環保設備所得稅優惠政策，調整了不同排量乘用車的消費稅稅率，完善了資源綜合利用稅收優惠政策，出臺了可再生能源電價補貼和配額交易方案。開展了省級政府2007年節能減排目標完成情況、節能減排措施落實情況的評價考覈，公佈了2007年度千家重點耗能企業節能目標責任評價考覈結果，重點耗能企業能效水平對標活動進展順利。組織開展了節能減排專項督察和環保專項執法行動。節能減排全民行動等宣傳活動收到了良好社會效果。
Energy conservation and pollution reduction efforts were intensified. For the whole year, 42.3 billion yuan from the central treasury was spent to support construction on ten major energy conservation projects, development of the circular economy, upgrading of urban sewage and garbage treatment facilities and sewer lines, treatment of water pollution in key water basins, and strengthening of our energy conservation and environmental protection capacity. More than 60 million energy-efficient lights were distributed. The campaign to limit the production, sale and use of plastic bags achieved significant success. The national catalog of major energy-conserving technologies for extensive application was published. The construction and transportation sectors and public agencies made further progress in saving energy. We launched a science and technology initiative for energy conservation and emissions reduction, made breakthroughs in a number of major energy-conserving, pollution-reducing technologies in key industries, and widely demonstrated and applied these technologies in key areas and industries. The second round of demonstration trials for the circular economy was conducted smoothly, and trials for remanufacturing auto parts were begun in 14 auto enterprises. Economic policy played a bigger role in providing incentives. A preferential income tax policy for energy-and water-conserving and pollution-reducing equipment was promulgated. Excise tax rates for passenger vehicles of varied engine displacements were adjusted. The preferential tax policy concerning the comprehensive utilization of resources was improved. We developed a scheme for using surcharge and quotas to subsidize the price of electricity generated from renewable sources. Assessments were conducted on provincial governments' performance in meeting the targets and implementing the measures for energy conservation and pollution reduction in 2007. The results of evaluations of how well the 1,000 energy-intensive enterprises met energy conservation targets set for 2007 were made public. The campaign urging major energy-consuming enterprises to set, review and live up to the energy efficiency benchmarks progressed smoothly. A campaign was organized to supervise energy conservation and emissions reduction efforts and enforce environmental protection laws. Publicity activities to get the people to save energy and reduce pollution produced positive social effects.

生態環境保護取得新進展。塔里木河治理、黑河治理、首都水資源保護工程積極推進，石羊河流域重點治理工程全面啓動；在繼續推進天然林資源保護、防護林體系建設、京津風沙源治理等重點生態保護工程的同時，啓動了岩溶地區石漠化綜合治理。太湖水環境綜合治理和松花江、淮河、遼河等重點流域水污染防治工作積極推進。三峽庫區三期地質災害防治工程順利實施。農村環保全面啓動。全國新增城市污水日處理能力1149萬噸，城市污水處理率和城市生活垃圾無害化處理率分別達到65％和64％，均比上年提高2個百分點左右。燃煤電廠脫硫改造進一步推進，又有近1億千瓦火電機組安裝了脫硫設施，已佔火電裝機總量的60％左右。
Progress was made in ecological and environmental conservation. The projects to improve the ecosystems of the Tarim and Hei rivers and the Beijing water resources protection project were carried forward. The key project to restore the ecosystem of the Shiyang River was launched. While continuing to press ahead with major ecological projects, including virgin forest protection, development of shelterbelts and treatment of the sources of dust storms affecting Beijing and Tianjin, we launched a comprehensive project to prevent karst regions from turning into stony deserts. Work was energetically carried forward to improve the water environment of Taihu Lake and prevent and control water pollution in the Liao, Huai and Songhua rivers and other key water basins. The third phase of the project to prevent and control geological disasters in the Three Gorges Reservoir area was carried out smoothly. Environmental protection work was initiated on a broad scale in rural areas. Last year, the daily urban sewage treatment capacity was increased by 11.49 million tons, 65% of urban sewage was treated and 64% of urban household waste was safely handled, an increase of about two percentage points year on year in both cases. Further progress was made in the desulfurization of coal-fired power plants. Desulfurizing devices were installed in more thermal power plants with nearly 100 million kilowatt capacity, raising the percentage of the total capacity of the coal-fired plants equipped with such devices to around 60%.

應對氣候變化國家方案得到較好落實。發佈《中國應對氣候變化的政策與行動》白皮書，推動通過《應對氣候變化技術開發與轉讓北京宣言》，清潔發展機制項目合作積極開展。
China's National Climate Change Program was implemented well. The white paper China's Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change was published. The Beijing High-Level Statement on Technology Development and Technology Transfer for Climate Change was adopted. Cooperation on projects concerning clean development mechanisms was energetically carried out.

（八）抗擊特大自然災害取得重大勝利
8. Great success was achieved in fighting devastating natural disasters.

年初，爲應對南方部分地區嚴重低溫雨雪冰凍災害，按照中央的統一部署，各地區各部門迅速啓動應急機制，全力保交通、保供電、保民生，迅速恢復了工農業生產和因災損毀的基礎設施。“5