二戰謎團 是誰除掉了瑞典辛德勒
MOSCOW — The 1945 disappearance of Raoul Wallenberg — a Swedish diplomat who saved thousands of Hungarian Jews from Nazi gas chambers — ranks among the most enduring mysteries of World War II.
莫斯科——勞爾‧瓦倫堡(Raoul Wallenberg)在1945年失蹤，這是持續最久的二戰未解之謎之一。瓦倫堡是一名瑞典外交官，曾經從納粹毒氣室解救數以千計的匈牙利猶太人。
Suspicion for the snatching of Wallenberg off the streets near Budapest fell almost immediately on the Soviet Union. To the Soviets occupying Budapest, the ties that Wallenberg had forged with senior Nazis and Americans smelled like espionage, with rescuing Jews an implausible cover story. But his disappearance went unexplained, right through the Gorbachev era of glasnost and the chaos after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
外界幾乎立刻懷疑，瓦倫堡是從布達佩斯附近的街上被蘇聯抓走的。對於佔領布達佩斯的蘇聯而言，瓦倫堡與納粹高層以及美國人之間的關係看起來像是諜報活動，而對猶太人的解救則像個蹩腳的幌子。但是一直到蘇聯解體後的戈爾巴喬夫“公開化”和混亂時期，瓦倫堡失蹤的謎底也不曾解開。
This summer, however, the newly published diaries of the original head of the KGB — found secreted inside the wall of a dacha — have shed fresh light on the case by stating outright for the first time that Wallenberg was executed in a Moscow prison.
不過，今年夏天，新近出版的克格勃(KGB)第一任領導的日記——被發現藏匿於一棟別墅的一面牆內——爲這個案件提供了一些新的線索，日記中首次直接提到瓦倫堡是在莫斯科的一座監獄裏被處死的。
“I have no doubts that Wallenberg was liquidated in 1947,” wrote Ivan A. Serov, a Soviet military man who ran the KGB from 1954 to 1958.
“可以肯定，瓦倫堡在1947年被除掉，”伊萬•A•謝羅夫(Ivan A. Serov)寫道。他是一名蘇聯軍人，在1954至1958年間領導克格勃。
Tantalizing hints that Wallenberg, the scion of a rich, prominent family of Swedish industrialists, was imprisoned in Moscow emerged immediately, then dripped out at long intervals. Alexandra M. Kollontai, the domineering Soviet ambassador to Sweden, initially told Wallenberg’s mother that the diplomat was in custody, but backtracked after the Kremlin announced that it knew nothing of the case.
當時就立刻傳出了一種容易讓人相信的暗示，即瓦倫堡被囚禁在莫斯科。然後每隔很長時間之後，會再度傳出這樣的消息。盛氣凌人的蘇聯駐瑞典大使亞歷山大•M•利隆泰(Alexandra M. Kollontai)一開始告訴瓦倫堡的母親他被關了起來，但在克里姆林宮宣佈對這一案件一無所知之後，利隆泰又收回了之前的說法。瓦倫堡出身於一個地位崇高而又富有的瑞典工業家家族。
In the 1950s, Moscow began releasing war prisoners, and some reported meeting a VIP inmate. Some called him mysterious; some knew his name. Sweden started asking pointed questions, and seeking to improve ties, the Kremlin released a report in 1957.
上世紀50年代，莫斯科開始釋放戰犯，一些人稱自己在獄中見過一名VIP囚犯。有人說他很神祕；有人知道他的名字。瑞典開始提出尖銳的問題。爲此，克林姆林宮在1957年發佈了一份報告，以試圖改善關係。
It said a newly discovered, partial medical report indicated that Wallenberg, age 34, died of a heart attack in prison in July 1947 — a stock Soviet cover story.
報告稱，一份最新發現的不完整的醫學報告顯示，瓦倫堡於1947年因心臟病在獄中去世，時年34歲。這算是典型的蘇聯託辭。
The next halting step toward resolution came with the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union. The Kremlin agreed to cooperate with a comprehensive Russian-Swedish effort that included archival research and interviews with retired state security employees.
有可能解決這一案件的契機在1991年蘇聯解體之後磕磕絆絆地到來了。克里姆林宮同意配合俄瑞兩國共同進行的一項努力，包括對檔案進行研究，並去採訪退休的俄羅斯國家安全工作者。
But the final report in 2000 reached no definitive conclusion about Wallenberg’s fate, and found that documents had been destroyed or altered to eliminate all traces of him.
然而，2000年發佈的最終報告沒有就瓦倫堡的命運得出確定性的結論，而且發現相關文件已被銷燬或修改，以消除任何與他有關的痕跡。
In time, Wallenberg’s rescue work became an lasting symbol of the international human rights movement, but the mystery of his fate seemed likely to endure forever — until the Serov diaries came to light.
隨着時間的推移，瓦倫堡的救援行動成爲了國際人權運動一個持久的象徵，但有關他命運的謎團似乎永遠無法解開——直到謝羅夫的日記曝光。
Memoirs from high-ranking Kremlin officials are exceedingly rare, and this one, while hardly definitive, contains several references to previously unknown documents on Wallenberg.
克里姆林宮高官的回憶錄及其少見，這一本儘管談不上最權威，但它提到了好幾份之前不爲人知的有關瓦倫堡的文件。
They include a report about Wallenberg’s cremation, and another quoting Viktor Abakumov, who preceded Serov as head of state security but was tried and executed in 1954 in the last Stalin purges. Abakumov apparently revealed during his interrogation that the order to “liquidate” Wallenberg had come from Stalin and Vyacheslav M. Molotov, the foreign minister.
其中包含一份瓦倫堡的火化報告。還有一份文件引用了維克托•阿巴庫莫夫(Viktor Abakumov)的話，後者在謝羅夫之前擔任俄羅斯國家安全機構的負責人，但之後在處於斯大林清洗運動最後階段的1954年遭到審判，並被處死。在接受審問期間，阿巴庫莫夫似乎透露了“除掉”瓦倫堡的命令來自斯大林和當時的外交部長維亞切斯拉夫•M•莫洛托夫(Vyacheslav M. Molotov)。
The word “killed” has never appeared in any official documents released from the Soviet side, according to Nikita Petrov, a historian with the Memorial organization in Moscow who specializes in the Stalinist era and Serov himself.
來自莫斯科“紀念”(Memorial)組織、專門研究斯大林時代和謝羅夫這個人的歷史學家尼基塔•彼得羅夫(Nikita Petrov)表示，“殺”這個字眼從來不曾出現在蘇聯發佈的任何官方文件中。
“They did not use this word,” Petrov said. “They said it appears he was killed, but we know nothing about this, we don’t have any documents. In Serov’s diary, you can find this word as a fact.”
“他們不用這個詞，”彼得羅夫說。“他們說，他似乎被殺害了，但我們對此一無所知，我們也沒有什麼文件。在謝羅夫的日記中，你會發現這個詞是一個事實。”
Memoirs lack the weight of official documents, Petrov noted, but Serov also described reading a Wallenberg file. Previously, the security service denied that any such files existed, according to diplomats, historians and others who have long worked on the case.
彼得羅夫指出，回憶錄缺乏官方文件的份量，但謝羅夫也描述了他讀到的一份有關瓦倫堡的文件。外交官、歷史學家和其他長期爲此案努力的人員表示，之前俄羅斯安全部門一直否認存在這樣的文件。
“There should have been a personal or prisoner file which was created for every prisoner,” said Hans Magnusson, a retired senior diplomat who directed the Swedish side of the Swedish-Russian Working Group. “The Russians said that they did not find one.”
“每名囚徒都應該有一份個人檔案或者囚犯檔案，”退休的高級外交官漢斯•馬格努鬆(Hans Magnusson)說。他是瑞典-俄羅斯工作組的瑞方負責人。“俄羅斯人說他們沒找到。”
The Serov book is called “Notes From a Suitcase: Secret Diaries of the First KGB Chairman, Found Over 25 Years After His Death,” and appeared in Russia in June with its own extraordinary tale.
謝羅夫的這本書名爲《手提箱裏的記錄：去世25年後，克格勃首任主席的祕密日記重見天日》(Notes From a Suitcase: Secret Diaries of the First KGB Chairman, Found Over 25 Years After His Death)，於今年6月出版。它本身就是一個非凡的故事。
Four years ago, Serov’s only grandchild, Vera Serova, 57, a retired ballet dancer, hired workers to renovate the garage at the dacha she inherited from her grandfather in northwestern Moscow. The workers demolishing the internal walls stumbled upon a few hidden suitcases.
四年前，謝羅夫唯一的直系孫輩薇拉•謝羅娃(Vera Serova)僱了工人翻新她從祖父那裏繼承而來的位於莫斯科西北面的一棟別墅的車庫。她現年57歲，是退休的芭蕾舞演員。拆除內牆的工人們意外發現了幾個隱藏的手提箱。
“They thought it was money or gold, but it was only papers,” she said in an interview, flashing a smile.
“他們以爲裝的是錢或者金子，結果只有紙，”謝羅娃接受採訪的時候露出了笑容。
Petrov said the suitcases probably went into the wall around 1971, when the Central Committee first got wind of the writing project and had Serov followed.
彼得羅夫表示，這幾個手提箱很可能是在1971年前後藏到牆裏的。當時，中央委員會開始聽到這一寫作計劃的風聲，讓人跟蹤謝羅夫。
Serova turned over a copy of the diaries to a publisher, who condensed them into a single, 632-page volume. The book was released in conjunction with a small museum exhibition curated by the Russian Military-Historical Society.
謝羅娃將一份日記稿送到了出版社那裏，由他們將其濃縮成一冊632頁的書。發行的同時，還有俄羅斯軍事-歷史學會(Russian Military-Historical Society)策劃的一個小型博物館展覽被推出。
In the half-dozen pages devoted to the Wallenberg case — somewhat sketchy and written in dry, bureaucratic language — Serov said Nikita S. Khrushchev, who succeeded Stalin as Soviet leader, had asked him to investigate what happened, respond to Sweden and help purge Molotov.
書中有六七頁專門講述了瓦倫堡案——有些簡略，用詞幹巴巴，打着官腔。謝羅夫表示，斯大林之後繼承蘇聯領導人職位的尼基塔•S•赫魯曉夫(Nikita S. Khrushchev)請他調查此事、對瑞典做出迴應並協助清洗莫洛托夫。
Serov wrote that ultimately he failed to uncover the full circumstances of Wallenberg’s death, and found no evidence that he had been a spy.
謝羅夫寫道，他最終未能還原瓦倫堡之死的全貌，也沒有發現他生前是間諜的證據。
Foreign governments and researchers have long suspected that Moscow was withholding documents, unwilling to confirm that Stalin would coldbloodedly order the murder of a foreign diplomat rather than admit that the Kremlin had been lying.
外國政府與研究人員長期懷疑，莫斯科對資料有所保留，不願確認斯大林會冷血地下令殺害一名外國外交官，也不肯承認克里姆林宮一直在撒謊。
The most important document never released is a letter from Abakumov to Molotov on July 17, 1947, which researchers believe contains the details of Wallenberg’s death.
在從未公開的資料中，最爲重要的一份是阿巴庫莫夫於1947年7月17日寫給莫洛托夫的一封信。研究人員認定，裏面包含了瓦倫堡之死的細節。
In the archival material that was released, researchers found a note scrawled in the bottom corner of another letter saying that “Ab,” or Abakumov, wrote a personal letter to Molotov and giving the document’s reference number.
在已公佈的檔案資料中，研究人員發現，另一封信底部的角落裏有一句註釋，其中表示“阿巴”——即阿巴庫莫夫——給莫洛托夫寫了一封私人信件，並給出了這份文件的參考編號。
Letter 3044/a was listed in a KGB register of outgoing letters, according to the Russian-Swedish report, showing that it was despatched on July 17 and indicating that it concerned Wallenberg.
根據俄羅斯-瑞典聯合撰寫的報告，信件3044/a列在了克格勃的一個發出信件的登記簿上，顯示發送時間爲7月17日，內容與瓦倫堡有關。
A different memo said it had been received. But the actual letter has never been found.
另一份備忘錄稱，這封信已收到。但信本身從未被找到。
Last year, historians with long experience on the case organized the Raoul Wallenberg Research Initiative, a renewed, international attempt to comb the archives, and they have compiled a 33-page list of questions for the Russian government.
去年，在本案上有長期經驗的一些歷史學者組織了勞爾‧瓦倫堡研究倡導計劃(Raoul Wallenberg Research Initiative)。這是一項新的國際努力，旨在梳理各種檔案。他們還準備了一份面向俄羅斯政府的問題單子，長達33頁。
The media office of the FSB did not immediately respond to questions about whether it would release the documents Serov mentioned or cooperate with renewed research.
當被問到，是否會公佈謝羅夫提到的文件或與新的研究計劃進行合作時，俄羅斯聯邦安全局(FSB)的媒體辦公室沒有立即予以迴應。
