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劍橋雅思閱讀9原文翻譯及答案(test2)

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劍橋雅思閱讀9原文翻譯及答案(test2)

 劍橋雅思閱讀9原文(test2)

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

A. Hearing impairment or other auditory function deficit in young children can have a major impact on their development of speech and communication, resulting in a detrimental effect on their ability to learn at school. This is likely to have major consequences for the individual and the population as a whole. The New Zealand Ministry of Health has found from research carried out over two decades that 6-10% of children in that country are affected by hearing loss.

B. A preliminary study in New Zealand has shown that classroom noise presents a major concern for teachers and pupils. Modern teaching practices, the organization of desks in the classroom, poor classroom acoustics, and mechanical means of ventilation such as air-conditioning units all contribute to the number of children unable to comprehend the teacher’s voice. Education researchers Nelson and Soli have also suggested that recent trends in learning often involve collaborative interaction of multiple minds and tools as much as individual possession of information. This all amounts to heightened activity and noise levels, which have the potential to be particularly serious for children experiencing auditory function deficit. Noise in classrooms can only exacerbate their difficulty in comprehending and processing verbal communication with other children and instructions from the teacher.

C. Children with auditory function deficit are potentially failing to learn to their maximum potential because of noise levels generated in classrooms. The effects of noise on the ability of children to learn effectively in typical classroom environments are now the subject of increasing concern. The International Institute of Noise Control Engineering (I-INCE), on the advice of the World Health Organization, has established an international working party, which includes New Zealand, to evaluate noise and reverberation control for school rooms.

D. While the detrimental effects of noise in classroom situations are not limited to children experiencing disability, those with a disability that affects their processing of speech and verbal communication could be extremely vulnerable. The auditory function deficits in question include hearing impairment, autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit disorders (ADD/ADHD).

E. Autism is considered a neurological and genetic life-long disorder that causes discrepancies in the way information is processed. This disorder is characterized by interlinking problems with social imagination, social communication and social interaction. According to Janzen, this affects the ability to understand and relate in typical ways to people, understand events and objects in the environment, and understand or respond to sensory stimuli. Autism does not allow learning or thinking in the same ways as in children who are developing normally. Autistic spectrum disorders often result in major difficulties in comprehending verbal information and speech processing. Those experiencing these disorders often find sounds such as crowd noise and the noise generated by machinery painful and distressing. This is difficult to scientifically quantify as such extra-sensory stimuli vary greatly from one autistic individual to another. But a child who finds any type of noise in their classroom or learning space intrusive is likely to be adversely affected in their ability to process information.

F. The attention deficit disorders are indicative of neurological and genetic disorders and are characterized by difficulties with sustaining attention, effort and persistence, organization skills and disinhibition. Children experiencing these disorders find it difficult to screen out unimportant information, and focus on everything in the environment rather than attending to a single activity. Background noise in the classroom becomes a major distraction, which can affect their ability to concentrate.

G. Children experiencing an auditory function deficit can often find speech and communication very difficult to isolate and process when set against high levels of background noise. These levels come from outside activities that penetrate the classroom structure, from teaching activities, and other noise generated inside, which can be exacerbated by room reverberation. Strategies are needed to obtain the optimum classroom construction and perhaps a change in classroom culture and methods of teaching. In particular, the effects of noisy classrooms and activities on those experiencing disabilities in the form of auditory function deficit need thorough investigation. It is probable that many undiagnosed children exist in the education system with ‘invisible’ disabilities. Their needs are less likely to be met than those of children with known disabilities.

H. The New Zealand Government has developed a New Zealand Disability Strategy and has embarked on a wide-ranging consultation process. The strategy recognizes that people experiencing disability face significant barriers in achieving a full quality of life in areas such as attitude, education, employment and access to service. Objective 3 of the New Zealand Disability Strategy is to ‘Provide the Best Education for Disabled People’ by improving education so that all children, youth learners and adult learners will have equal opportunities to learn and develop within their already existing local school. For a successful education, the learning environment is vitally significant, so any effort to improve this is likely to be of great benefit to all children, but especially to those with auditory function disabilities.

I. A number of countries are already in the process of formulating their own standards for the control and reduction of classroom noise. New Zealand will probably follow their example. The literature to date on noise in school rooms appears to focus on the effects on schoolchildren in general, their teachers and the hearing impaired. Only limited attention appears to have been given to those students experiencing the other disabilities involving auditory function deficit. It is imperative that the needs of these children are taken into account in the setting of appropriate international standards to be promulgated in future.

Questions 1-6

Reading Passage 1 has nine sections, A-I.

Which section contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.

1 an account of a national policy initiative

2 a description of a global team effort

3 a hypothesis as to one reason behind the growth in classroom noise

4 a demand for suitable worldwide regulations

5 a list of medical conditions which place some children more at risk from noise than others

6 the estimated proportion of children in New Zealand with auditory problems

Questions 7-10

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.

7 For what period of time has hearing loss in schoolchildren been studied in New Zealand?

8 In addition to machinery noise, what other type of noise can upset children with autism?

9 What term is used to describe the hearing problems of schoolchildren which have not been diagnosed?

10 What part of the New Zealand Disability Strategy aims to give schoolchildren equal opportunity?

Questions 11 and 12

Choose TWO letters, A-F.

Write the correct letters in boxes 11 and 12 on your answer sheet.

The list below includes factors contributing to classroom noise.

Which TWO are mentioned by the writer of the passage?

A current teaching methods

B echoing corridors

C cooling systems

D large class sizes

E loud-voiced teachers

F playground games

Question 13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in box 13 on your answer sheet.

What is the writer’s overall purpose in writing this article?

A to compare different methods of dealing with auditory problems

B to provide solutions for overly noisy learning environments

C to increase awareness of the situation of children with auditory problems

D to promote New Zealand as a model for other countries to follow

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

Venus in transit

June 2004 saw the first passage, known as a ‘transit’, of the planet Venus across the face of the Sun in 122 years. Transits have helped shape our view of the whole Universe, as Heather Cooper and Nigel Henbest explain

A. On 8 June 2004, more than half the population of the world were treated to a rare astronomical event. For over six hours, the planet Venus steadily inched its way over the surface of the Sun. This ‘transit’ of Venus was the first since 6 December 1882. On that occasion, the American astronomer Professor Simon Newcomb led a party to South Africa to observe the event. They were based at girls’ school, where — it is alleged — the combined forces of three schoolmistresses outperformed the professionals with the accuracy of their observations.

B. For centuries, transits of Venus have drawn explorers and astronomers alike to the four corners of the globe. And you can put it all down to the extraordinary polymath Edmond Halley. In November 1677, Halley observed a transit of the innermost planet, Mercury, from the desolate island of St Helena in the South Pacific. He realized that, from different latitudes, the passage of the planet across the Sun’s disc would appear to differ. By timing the transit from two widely-separated locations, teams of astronomers could calculate the parallax angle — the apparent difference in position of an astronomical body due to a difference in the observer’s position. Calculating this angle would allow astronomers to measure what was then the ultimate goal: the distance of the Earth from the Sun. This distance is known as the ‘astronomical unit’ or AU.

C. Halley was aware that the AU was one of the most fundamental of all astronomical measurements. Johannes Kepler, in the early 17th century, had shown that the distances of the planets from the Sun governed their orbital speeds, which were easily measurable. But no-one had found a way to calculate accurate distances to the planets from the Earth. The goal was to measure the AU; then, knowing the orbital speeds of all the other planets round the Sun, the scale of the Solar System would fall into place. However, Halley realized that Mercury was so far away that its parallax angle would be very difficult to determine. As Venus was closer to the Earth, its parallax angle would be larger, and Halley worked out that by using Venus it would be possible to measure the Sun’s distance to 1 part in 500. But there was a problem: transits of Venus, unlike those of Mercury, are rare, occurring in pairs roughly eight years apart every hundred or so years. Nevertheless, he accurately predicted that Venus would cross the face of the Sun in both 1761 and 1769 — though he didn’t survive to see either.

D. Inspired by Halley’s suggestion of a way to pin down the scale of the Solar System, teams of British and French astronomers set out on expeditions to places as diverse as India and Siberia. But things weren’t helped by Britain and France being at war. The person who deserves most sympathy is the French astronomer Guillaume Le Gentil. He was thwarted by the fact that the British were besieging his observation site at Pondicherry in India. Fleeing on a French warship crossing the Indian Ocean, Le Gentil saw a wonderful transit — but the ship’s pitching and rolling ruled out any attempt at making accurate observations. Undaunted, he remained south of the equator, keeping himself busy by studying the islands of Maurtius and Madagascar before setting off to observe the next transit in the Philippines. Ironically after travelling nearly 50,000 kilometres, his view was clouded out at the last moment, a very dispirting experience.

E. While the early transit timings were as precise as instruments would allow, the measurements were dogged by the ‘black drop’ effect. When Venus begins to cross the Sun’s disc, it looks smeared not circular — which makes it difficult to establish timings. This is due to diffraction of light. The second problem is that Venus exhibits a halo of light when it is seen just outside the sun’s disc. While this showed astronomers that Venus was surrounded by a thick layer of gases refracting sunlight around it, both effects made it impossible to obtain accurate timings.

F. But astronomers laboured hard to analyse the results of these expeditions to observe Venus transits. Johann Franz Encke, Director of the Berlin Observatory, finally determined a value for the AU based on all these parallax measurements: 153,340,000 km. Reasonably accurate for the time, that is quite close to today’s value of 149,597,870 km, determined by radar, which has now superseded transits and all other methods in accuracy. The AU is a cosmic measuring rod, and the basis of how we scale the Universe today. The parallax principle can be extended to measure the distances to the stars. If we look at a star in January —when Earth is at one point in its orbit — it will seem to be in a different position from where it appears six months late. Knowing the width of Earth’s orbit, the parallax shift lets astronomers calculate the distance.

G. June 2004’s transit of Venus was thus more of an astronomical spectacle than a scientifically important event. But such transits have paved the way for what might prove to be one of the most vital breakthroughs in the cosmos — detecting Earth-sized planets orbiting other stars.

Questions 14-17

Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.

14 examples of different ways in which the parallax principle has been applied

15 a description of an event which prevented a transit observation

16 a statement about potential future discoveries leading on from transit observations

17 a description of physical states connected with Venus which early astronomical instruments failed to overcome

Questions 18-21

Look at the following statements (Questions 18-21) and the list of people below.

Match each statement with the correct person, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet.

18 He calculated the distance of the Sun from the Earth based on observations of Venus with a fair degree of accuracy.

19 He understood that the distance of the Sun from the Earth could be worked out by comparing obsevations of a transit.

20 He realized that the time taken by a planet to go round the Sun depends on its distance from the Sun.

21 He witnessed a Venus transit but was unable to make any calculations.

List of People

A Edmond Halley

B Johannes Kepler

C Guillaume Le Gentil

D Johann Franz Encke

Question 22-26

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

22 Halley observed one transit of the planet Venus.

23 Le Gentil managed to observe a second Venus transit.

24 The shape of Venus appears distorted when it starts to pass in front of the Sun.

25 Early astronomers suspected that the atmosphere on Venus was toxic.

26 The parallax principle allows astronomers to work out how far away distant stars are from the Earth.

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

A neuroscientist reveals

how to think differently

In the last decade a revolution has occurred in the way that scientists think about the brain. We now know that the decisions humans make can be traced to the firing patterns of neurons in specific part of the brain. These discoveries have led to the field know as neuroeconomics, which studies the brain’s secrets to success in an economic environment that demands innovation and being able to do things differently from competitors. A brain that can do this is an iconoclastic one. Briefly, an iconoclast is a person who does something that others say can’t be done.

This definition implies that iconoclasts are different from other people, but more precisely, it is their brains that are different in three distinct ways: perception, fear response, and social intelligence. Each of these three functions utilizes a different circuit in the brain. Naysayers might suggest that the brain is irrelevant, that thinking in an original, even revolutionary, way is more a matter of personality than brain function. But the field of neuroeconomics was born out of the realization that the physical workings of the brain place limitations on the way we make decisions. By understanding these constraints, we begin to understand why some people march to a different drumbeat.

The first thing to realize is that the brain suffers from limited resources. It has a fixed energy budget, about the same as a 40 watt light bulb, so it has evolved to work as efficiently as possible. This is where most people are impeded from being an iconoclast. For example, when confronted with information streaming from the eyes, the brain will interpret this information in the quickest way possible. Thus it will draw on both past experience and any other source of information, such as what other people say, to make sense of what it is seeing. This happens all the time. The brain takes shortcuts that work so well we are hardly ever aware of them. We think our perceptions of the world are real, but they are only biological and electrical rumblings. Perception is not simply a product of what your eyes or ears transmit to your brain. More than the physical reality of photons or sound waves, perception is product of the brain.

Perception is central to iconoclasm. Iconoclasts see things differently to other people. Their brains do not fall into efficiency pitfalls as much as the average person’s brain. Iconoclasts, either because they were born that way or through learning, have found ways to work around the perceptual shortcuts that plague most people. Perception is not something that is hardwired into the brain. It is a learned process, which is both a curse and an opportunity for change. The brain faces the fundamental problem of interpreting physical stimuli from the senses. Everything the brain sees, hears, or touches has multiple interpretations. The one that is ultimately chosen is simply the brain’s best theory. In technical terms, these conjectures have their basis in the statistical likelihood of one interpretation over another and are heavily influenced by past experience and, importantly for potential iconoclasts, what other people say.

The best way to see things differently to other people is to bombard the brain with things it has never encountered before. Novelty releases the perceptual process from the chains of past experience and forces the brain to make new judgments. Successful iconoclasts have an extraordinary willingness to be exposed to what is fresh and different. Observation of iconoclasts shows that they embrace novelty while mot people avoid things that are different.

The problem with novelty, however, is that it tends to trigger the brain’s fear system. Fear is a major impediment to thinking like an iconoclast and stops the average person in his tracks. There are many types of fear, but the two that inhibit iconoclastic thinking and people generally find difficult to deal with are fear of uncertainty and fear of public ridicule. These may seem like trivial phobias. But fear of public speaking, which everyone must do from time to time, afflicts one-thirds of the population. This makes it too common to be considered a mental disorder. It is simply a common variant of human nature, one which iconoclasts do not let inhibit their reactions.

Finally, to be successful iconoclasts, individuals must sell their ideas to other people. This is where social intelligence comes in. Social intelligence is the ability to understand and manage people in a business setting. In the last decade there has been an explosion of knowledge about the social brain and how the brain works when groups coordinate decision making. Neuroscience has revealed which brain circuits are responsible for functions like understanding what other people think, empathy, fairness, and social identity. These brain regions play key roles in whether people convince others of their ideas. Perception is important in social cognition too. The perception of someone’s enthusiasm, or reputation, can make or break a deal. Understanding how perception becomes intertwined with social decision making shows why successful iconoclasts are so rare.

Iconoclasts create new opportunities in every area from artistic expression to technology to business. They supply creativity and innovation not easily accomplished by committees. Rules aren’t important to them. Iconoclasts face alienation and failure, but can also be a major asset to any organization. It is crucial for success in any field to understand how the iconoclastic mind works.

Questions 27-31

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.

27 Neuroeconomics is a field of study which seeks to

A cause a change in how scientists understand brain chemistry.

B understand how good decisions are made in the brain.

C understand how the brain is linked to achievement in competitive fields.

D trace the specific firing patterns of neurons in different areas of the brain.

28 According to the writer, iconoclasts are distinctive because

A they create unusual brain circuits.

B their brains function differently.

C their personalities are distinctive.

D they make decisions easily.

29 According to the writer, the brain works efficiently because

A it uses the eyes quickly.

B it interprets data logically.

C it generates its own energy.

D it relies on previous events.

30 The writer says that perception is

A a combination of photons and sound waves.

B a reliable product of what your senses transmit.

C a result of brain processes.

D a process we are usually conscious of.

31 According to the writer, an iconoclastic thinker

A centralizes perceptual thinking in one part of the brain.

B avoids cognitive traps.

C has a brain that is hardwired for learning.

D has more opportunities than the average person.

Questions 32-37

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 32-37 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

32 Exposure to different events forces the brain to think differently.

33 Iconoclasts are unusually receptive to new experiences.

34 Most people are too shy to try different things.

35 If you think in an iconoclastic way, you can easily overcome fear.

36 When concern about embarrassment matters less, other fears become irrelevant.

37 Fear of public speaking is a psychological illness.

Questions 38-40

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-E, below.

Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.

38 Thinking like a successful iconoclast is demanding because it

39 The concept of the social brain is useful to iconoclasts because it

40 Iconoclasts are generally an asset because their way of thinking

A requires both perceptual and social intelligence skills.

B focuses on how groups decide on an action.

C works in many fields, both artistic and scientific.

D leaves one open to criticism and rejection.

E involves understanding how organizations manage people.

劍橋雅思閱讀9原文參考譯文(test2)

PASSAGE 1 參考譯文:

幫助新西蘭聽覺障礙兒童

A兒童的聽覺障礙或其他聽覺功能的缺陷會對他們的言語與交流能力的發展產生重大的影響,導致他們在學校的學習能力也受到不利影響。這對個人甚至全體人民來講都很可能會產生重大後果。新西蘭衛生部從一項進行了 20多年的研究中發現該國有6%到10%的孩子有聽覺障礙。

B新西蘭的一項初步研究顯示,教室噪音是老師和學生關注的一大問題。現代教學實踐活動、教室中課桌的佈局、糟糕的音響效果以及空調通風口產生的噪音,都使許多孩子無法聽清老師所講的內容。教育研究者Nelson與Soli也表明,現代學習方式中多種思想與方法協作交互獲取信息與個人獲取信息同等重要。而這一切都意味着活動量與噪音級別的增加,這對患有聽覺功能障礙的孩子產生的潛在影響尤爲嚴重。教室噪音只會加重他們在與同學進行語言溝通時的誤解,並且使他們無法很好地理解教師的指示。

C教室噪音使患有聽覺缺陷的孩子在學習中不能發揮他們的最大潛能。在典型的課堂環境中,噪音對孩子們髙效學習能力的影響越來越受到人們的關注。在世界衛生組織的建議下,國際噪聲控制工程學會 (I-INCE)成立了一個國際工作小組來評估學校教室噪音與回聲控制,新西蘭也是小組成員。

D雖然教室噪音不只會給殘疾孩子帶來不利影響,但是那些在語言溝通方面有障礙的孩子們顯然是更大的受害者。所謂的聽覺功能缺陷包括聽覺障礙、自閉症譜系障礙(ASD)和注意力缺陷障礙(ADD/ ADHD,也稱“注意力缺乏症”)。

E自閉症被認爲是一種由神經系統與遺產基因紊亂引起的終生疾病,患者在處理信息時會產生偏差。這種疾病的特點是社會想象力、社會交往與社會互動之間出現了問題。根據Janzen的說法,這種疾病影響 了人們的多種能力:比如以正常方式理解並與他人相處的能力、瞭解事件及其週遭事物的能力,以及理解或迴應感官刺激的能力。自閉症患者不能像正常發展的孩子那樣學習或思考。自閉症譜系障礙往往使患者在理解口頭信息與語言處理方面遇到極大的困難。患者也往往會覺得喧鬧的噪音以及機器發出的聲音讓自己感到痛苦與壓抑。這很難進行科學量化,因爲這種額外的感官刺激因患者的不同而有很大的差異。但是當一個孩子覺得在教室裏或學習的地方中的任何聲音都讓自己鬧心的話,那麼他處理信息的能力很可能也會受到不利影響。

F注意力缺乏症表現爲神經與基因障礙。這種障礙的特點是患者很難持續關注某事、很難長時間努力與堅持、缺乏組織能力並且無法抑制解除。患有注意力缺乏症的孩子很難篩選出不重要的信息,他們會關注所處環境中所有的事物而非僅僅一個活動。教室裏的背景噪音成爲分散孩子們注意力的一個主要原因。

G面對較高級別的背景噪音,患有聽覺功能障礙的孩子經常很難分辨與處理言語和交流。這些噪音有的是傳入教室中的室外活動的聲音,也有的是教學活動的聲音以及教室內產生的其他噪音,而且教室中的反射使這些噪音增大。因此,需要採取措施來獲得最佳的課堂建設,也許還需要改變課堂文化與教學方法,特別要徹底檢查吵鬧的課堂與活動給患有聽覺功能障礙的孩子帶來的影響。也許有很多未確診的孩子帶着“無形”的殘疾接受教育,他們的需求不像已確診的孩子的需求那樣容易被人察覺。

H新西蘭政府已經制定出一項“新西蘭殘疾人事業發展戰略”,並開始進入廣泛諮詢意見的階段。該戰略認同殘疾人在世俗觀念、教育機會、就業機會以及所享服務方面,均很難享有高質量的生活。“新西蘭殘疾人事業發展戰略”的第三個目標是通過改善教育,“爲殘疾人提供最好的教育”,這樣所有的孩子、 青年學生以及成年學者將會在他們當地已有的學校裏享有平等的學習與發展機會。對於成功的教育而言,學習環境是非常重要的。因此,任何改善學習環境的努力都會造福所有孩子,尤其是那些患有聽覺功能障礙的孩子們。

I 一些國家已經開始制定自己的標準來控制與減少教室噪音,新西蘭很可能會以此爲例(來制定自己的標準)。迄今爲止,文獻中關於學校教室噪音的描述一般集中於噪音對學生、老師以及聽覺缺陷者的影響上,而很少注意到噪音對患有其他疾病的學生的影響,包括對患有聽覺功能障礙的學生的影響。今後在制定和頒佈國際標準時,必須把這些孩子的需求考慮進去。

TEST 2 PASSAGE 2 參考譯文:

金星凌日

2004年6月金星再次越過太陽表面,構成了久違122年的天文奇觀,也就是所謂的“凌日”現象。正如Heather Cooper和Nigel Henbest所解釋的那樣,金星凌日現象影響了我們對整個宇宙的認識。

A 2004年6月8日,全世界一半以上的人都有幸見證了這起罕見的天文現象——經過六個多小時,金星緩緩滑過了太陽表面。這是自1882年12月6日以來的第一次金星凌日現象。彼時,美國天文學家Simon Newcomb教授帶領着一隊人去南非觀測這一天文現象。他們的觀測點設在一所女子學校裏,據說這所學校裏的三位女教師合力觀測出的結果比這組專業人士的還要精確。

B數首年來,金星凌日現象引起了全球各地的探險家與天文學家的關注,而這一切都要歸功於非凡的博學家Edmond Hailey。1677年11月,Hailey在位於南太平洋的荒無人煙的聖赫勒拿島上,觀測到了內行星水星的凌日現象。他發現,水星滑過太陽盤面的軌跡因觀測緯度不同而有差異。通過計算行星在兩個 相距甚遠的地方之間的運行時間,天文學家小組可以計算出視差角度。視差角度是指天體的位置由於 觀測者的位置不同而產生的明顯差異。計算視差角度讓天文學家得以實現當時的最終目標——算出地球與太陽之間的距離,這個距離就是所謂的“天文單位(AU)”。

C Hailey知道,天文單位是天文學中測量距離的基本單位之一。在17世紀早期,Johannes Kepler就認爲行星與太陽之間的距離控制着行星的軌道速度,這個很容易就能測量到,但是還沒有人能找到一種方法來計算行星與地球之間的精確距離。目標是先測量出天文單位,然後瞭解其他所有行星繞太陽運行的軌道速度,最後就能水到渠成,測出太陽系的規模。然而,Hailey意識到水星距離地球太遠了以致很難確定其視差角度,而金星則距離地球較近,它的視差角度也較大。他發現如果利用金星來計算太陽的距離,其誤差很可能只有五百分之一。但是有一個問題,與水星凌日不同,金星凌日現象很罕見,而且總是以兩次爲一組,每組中的兩次大約間隔8年,而兩組之間的間隔卻有100多年。儘管如此,Hailey還是準確預測出金星會在1761年與1769年兩次穿過太陽表面,只可惜他有生之年一次也沒看到。

D在Hailey提出的測量太陽系方法的鼓舞下,英國和法國的天文學家組成小組,踏上去往各地的征途,這些地方甚至包括印度與西伯利亞。但是由於那時候英法兩國在交戰,所以這些觀測並沒有奏效。最值得同情的是法國天文學家Guillaume Le Gentil。英軍包圍了他在印度本地治裏(Pondicherry)的觀測臺,這使他備受打擊。在乘坐一艘法國軍艦穿越印度洋逃亡的時候,他看到了一次凌日的壯觀景象,但是船的顛簸搖晃使他完全沒有機會進行精確觀測。他並沒有灰心,而是留在了南半球,先是忙於研究毛里求斯 島和馬達加斯加島的情況,接着前往菲律賓準備觀測下一次凌日現象。然而,具有諷刺意味的是,在跋涉了將近五萬公里之後,他的視線居然被一片烏雲給遮住了,真是一次令人沮喪的經歷。

E雖然早期對凌日時間的觀測就當時所用的器材而言已足夠精確,但是其測量結果卻受到“黑滴”效應 (“blackdrop” effect)的困擾。金星入凌時,看起來有點模糊而不完全是圓的,因此很難計算時間。這種現象是由光的衍射造成的。另一個問題是,金星出凌時,它的周圍會產生暈環。雖然天文學家可以獲知金星是被一層厚厚的、可折射陽光的氣體所包圍,但是黑滴效應和暈環效應都使得他們無法獲得金星凌日的準確時間。

F但是天文學家依然努力分析這些觀測結果,以便用來觀測金星凌日現象。柏林天文臺臺長Johann Franz Encke根據所有這些視差測量最終確定了天文單位的值爲153,340,000千米。這個數值在當時已經相當精確了,也與現在用雷達測到的149,597,870千米非常接近。當然,現在雷達因其精準度已經取代了凌日測量與其他方法。天文單位是一個宇宙測量桿,也是現在我們測量宇宙的基礎。視差原理可以延伸應用到恆星之間距離的測量中。一月,當地球處於其軌道的某個點時,我們觀測一顆恆星,那麼六個月後這顆恆星的位置與當時觀測的位置看起來是不同的。瞭解了地球軌道的寬度後,天文學家就可以利用視差移位計算出這個距離。

G 2004年6月的金星凌日現象不只是一項重大的科學事件,更是一次天文奇觀。而這種凌日現象爲宇宙中 最重大的突破之一鋪平了道路,即對圍繞其他恆星運行的類地行星進行探測。

TEST 2 PASSAGE 3 參考譯文:

神經科學家解密創新思考

在過去十年裏,科學家對大腦的認識方式發生了一場變革。現在我們知道人們所做的決定源自大腦特定部分的神經元的放電模式。這些發現導致了神經經濟學的出現,神經經濟學研究的是經濟環境下大腦成功的祕訣,而這就需要創新,需要不走競爭者走過的尋常路。能做到這些的人可以謂之傳統叛逆者。簡而言之,傳統叛逆者做的是別人認爲不可爲而他卻能有所作爲的事情。

該定義說明傳統叛逆者與衆不同,更確切地說,是他們的大腦異於常人,表現在以下三個方面:認知力、恐懼反應力以及社交能力。這三個功能在大腦中各有一條不同的迴路。反對者可能會認爲大腦與此無關,他們覺得原創性及革命性的思維方式與其說是大腦的功能,還不如說是一種個性的體現。但是,神經經濟學的誕生正是基於這樣一個新的發現,那就是大腦的生理功能實際上會制約我們的判斷力。通過理解這些制約條件,我們就會明白爲什麼有些人愛唱反調。

首先要明白的一點是,大腦受制於有限的資源。它有固定的能量預算值,相當於一個40瓦燈泡的能量,因此大腦就進化出了一種儘可能高效的工作方式,這也就是大多數人之所以不愛唱反調的原因。比如,面對眼前源源不斷輸入的信息時,大腦會盡可能以最便捷的方式解讀這些信息。爲此,大腦會借鑑過往經驗以及其他任何信息來源,比如別人所說的話,來解讀眼睛所看到的信息。這種過程無處不在。大腦如此善於走捷徑以至於我們對此毫不知情。我們以爲我們對世界的感知是真實的,但其實這種感知只不過是 身體和電流對我們撒的小謊。認知不只是我們的眼睛與耳朵傳給大腦的信息。認知是大腦的產物,而不只是物理現實中光子或聲波的產物。

認知是反傳統論的核心。傳統叛逆者與別人看問題的方法大相徑庭,他們的大腦不像普通人的大腦那樣容易掉進高效思維的陷阱。要麼天生如此,要麼後天習得,總之傳統叛逆者總有方法繞過那些困擾大多數人的認知捷徑。認知不是天生的。認知是個學習過程,是個既讓人受盡折磨的毒咒,又讓人洗心革面的良機。大腦面臨着一個基本問題,那就是如何解讀從感官傳來的物理刺激。大腦所見、所聞、所感,皆可以有多重解讀,而最終獲選的解釋只不過是大腦自認爲的最佳理論。從技術層次而言,這些解讀是有統計學依據的,因爲統計學數據說明一種解釋優於另一種解釋,與此同時,這些解讀又受過往經驗以及他人觀點的嚴重影響,最後這點對於潛在的傳統叛逆者來講尤爲致命。

要想思維方式與衆不同,最佳做法就是往大腦裏塞其聞所未聞的東西。新鮮事物使認知過程擺脫了過往經歷的束縛,同時強迫大腦作出新的判斷。成功的傳統叛逆者非常樂意接受新鮮事物。觀察表明,傳統叛逆者對新鮮事物持欣然接受的態度,而大多數普通人則唯恐避之不及。

然而,新鮮事物的缺點是它會觸發大腦的恐懼系統。恐懼是阻止人們像傳統叛逆者那樣思考的主要障礙,它使普通人在創新思考的道路上躊躇不前。恐懼有很多種,但是有兩種恐懼阻止了創新思維,而且讓大多數人頗感棘手,那就是對不確定性的恐懼以及對淪爲笑柄的擔憂。這兩種恐懼看似都無關緊要,但是,對公開演講的恐懼則折磨着超過三分之一的人。因爲人時不時就要講一講,所以這種恐懼太常見了,很難被視爲一種精神疾病。這往往被看做一種精神障礙。它只不過是人性反覆無常的一種體現而已,傳統 叛逆者們帶着這種恐懼也會在衆人面前發表觀點。

最後一點,想要成功變成傳統叛逆者,必須把自己的想法推銷給別人,這就該社交能力登場了。社交能力是在商業環境中瞭解與管理人的能力。在過去的十年裏,人們對社會型大腦的認知突飛猛進,對這種 大腦在團隊協作共同決策時所起的作用也瞭如指掌。神經科學已經揭示出是哪些大腦回路在幫我們洞悉他人想法、與他人產生共鳴、做到公平公正以及辨別社會身份。在說服別人採納己見方面,這些大腦回路可謂功不可沒。感知在社會認知中也舉足輕重。對一個人的熱情或名譽的認知是生意成功與否的關鍵。若能瞭解認知與社會決策千絲萬縷的聯繫,便能明白爲何成功的傳統叛逆者稀世難求。

傳統叛逆者縱橫藝術舞臺、技術尖端及商業高峯,在每個領域都創造嶄新機會,他們貢獻出的創造力和革命力,一隊人也望塵莫及。他們視規則如草芥。雖然時常被人疏遠並且遭遇失敗,可他們仍然是團隊頂樑柱。無論在任何領域,若想成功,必先了解傳統叛逆者大腦工作的奧祕。

劍橋雅思閱讀9原文參考譯文(test2)

PASSAGE 1 參考譯文:

幫助新西蘭聽覺障礙兒童

A兒童的聽覺障礙或其他聽覺功能的缺陷會對他們的言語與交流能力的發展產生重大的影響,導致他們在學校的學習能力也受到不利影響。這對個人甚至全體人民來講都很可能會產生重大後果。新西蘭衛生部從一項進行了 20多年的研究中發現該國有6%到10%的孩子有聽覺障礙。

B新西蘭的一項初步研究顯示,教室噪音是老師和學生關注的一大問題。現代教學實踐活動、教室中課桌的佈局、糟糕的音響效果以及空調通風口產生的噪音,都使許多孩子無法聽清老師所講的內容。教育研究者Nelson與Soli也表明,現代學習方式中多種思想與方法協作交互獲取信息與個人獲取信息同等重要。而這一切都意味着活動量與噪音級別的增加,這對患有聽覺功能障礙的孩子產生的潛在影響尤爲嚴重。教室噪音只會加重他們在與同學進行語言溝通時的誤解,並且使他們無法很好地理解教師的指示。

C教室噪音使患有聽覺缺陷的孩子在學習中不能發揮他們的最大潛能。在典型的課堂環境中,噪音對孩子們髙效學習能力的影響越來越受到人們的關注。在世界衛生組織的建議下,國際噪聲控制工程學會 (I-INCE)成立了一個國際工作小組來評估學校教室噪音與回聲控制,新西蘭也是小組成員。

D雖然教室噪音不只會給殘疾孩子帶來不利影響,但是那些在語言溝通方面有障礙的孩子們顯然是更大的受害者。所謂的聽覺功能缺陷包括聽覺障礙、自閉症譜系障礙(ASD)和注意力缺陷障礙(ADD/ ADHD,也稱“注意力缺乏症”)。

E自閉症被認爲是一種由神經系統與遺產基因紊亂引起的終生疾病,患者在處理信息時會產生偏差。這種疾病的特點是社會想象力、社會交往與社會互動之間出現了問題。根據Janzen的說法,這種疾病影響 了人們的多種能力:比如以正常方式理解並與他人相處的能力、瞭解事件及其週遭事物的能力,以及理解或迴應感官刺激的能力。自閉症患者不能像正常發展的孩子那樣學習或思考。自閉症譜系障礙往往使患者在理解口頭信息與語言處理方面遇到極大的困難。患者也往往會覺得喧鬧的噪音以及機器發出的聲音讓自己感到痛苦與壓抑。這很難進行科學量化,因爲這種額外的感官刺激因患者的不同而有很大的差異。但是當一個孩子覺得在教室裏或學習的地方中的任何聲音都讓自己鬧心的話,那麼他處理信息的能力很可能也會受到不利影響。

F注意力缺乏症表現爲神經與基因障礙。這種障礙的特點是患者很難持續關注某事、很難長時間努力與堅持、缺乏組織能力並且無法抑制解除。患有注意力缺乏症的孩子很難篩選出不重要的信息,他們會關注所處環境中所有的事物而非僅僅一個活動。教室裏的背景噪音成爲分散孩子們注意力的一個主要原因。

G面對較高級別的背景噪音,患有聽覺功能障礙的孩子經常很難分辨與處理言語和交流。這些噪音有的是傳入教室中的室外活動的聲音,也有的是教學活動的聲音以及教室內產生的其他噪音,而且教室中的反射使這些噪音增大。因此,需要採取措施來獲得最佳的課堂建設,也許還需要改變課堂文化與教學方法,特別要徹底檢查吵鬧的課堂與活動給患有聽覺功能障礙的孩子帶來的影響。也許有很多未確診的孩子帶着“無形”的殘疾接受教育,他們的需求不像已確診的孩子的需求那樣容易被人察覺。

H新西蘭政府已經制定出一項“新西蘭殘疾人事業發展戰略”,並開始進入廣泛諮詢意見的階段。該戰略認同殘疾人在世俗觀念、教育機會、就業機會以及所享服務方面,均很難享有高質量的生活。“新西蘭殘疾人事業發展戰略”的第三個目標是通過改善教育,“爲殘疾人提供最好的教育”,這樣所有的孩子、 青年學生以及成年學者將會在他們當地已有的學校裏享有平等的學習與發展機會。對於成功的教育而言,學習環境是非常重要的。因此,任何改善學習環境的努力都會造福所有孩子,尤其是那些患有聽覺功能障礙的孩子們。

I 一些國家已經開始制定自己的標準來控制與減少教室噪音,新西蘭很可能會以此爲例(來制定自己的標準)。迄今爲止,文獻中關於學校教室噪音的描述一般集中於噪音對學生、老師以及聽覺缺陷者的影響上,而很少注意到噪音對患有其他疾病的學生的影響,包括對患有聽覺功能障礙的學生的影響。今後在制定和頒佈國際標準時,必須把這些孩子的需求考慮進去。

TEST 2 PASSAGE 2 參考譯文:

金星凌日

2004年6月金星再次越過太陽表面,構成了久違122年的天文奇觀,也就是所謂的“凌日”現象。正如Heather Cooper和Nigel Henbest所解釋的那樣,金星凌日現象影響了我們對整個宇宙的認識。

A 2004年6月8日,全世界一半以上的人都有幸見證了這起罕見的天文現象——經過六個多小時,金星緩緩滑過了太陽表面。這是自1882年12月6日以來的第一次金星凌日現象。彼時,美國天文學家Simon Newcomb教授帶領着一隊人去南非觀測這一天文現象。他們的觀測點設在一所女子學校裏,據說這所學校裏的三位女教師合力觀測出的結果比這組專業人士的還要精確。

B數首年來,金星凌日現象引起了全球各地的探險家與天文學家的關注,而這一切都要歸功於非凡的博學家Edmond Hailey。1677年11月,Hailey在位於南太平洋的荒無人煙的聖赫勒拿島上,觀測到了內行星水星的凌日現象。他發現,水星滑過太陽盤面的軌跡因觀測緯度不同而有差異。通過計算行星在兩個 相距甚遠的地方之間的運行時間,天文學家小組可以計算出視差角度。視差角度是指天體的位置由於 觀測者的位置不同而產生的明顯差異。計算視差角度讓天文學家得以實現當時的最終目標——算出地球與太陽之間的距離,這個距離就是所謂的“天文單位(AU)”。

C Hailey知道,天文單位是天文學中測量距離的基本單位之一。在17世紀早期,Johannes Kepler就認爲行星與太陽之間的距離控制着行星的軌道速度,這個很容易就能測量到,但是還沒有人能找到一種方法來計算行星與地球之間的精確距離。目標是先測量出天文單位,然後瞭解其他所有行星繞太陽運行的軌道速度,最後就能水到渠成,測出太陽系的規模。然而,Hailey意識到水星距離地球太遠了以致很難確定其視差角度,而金星則距離地球較近,它的視差角度也較大。他發現如果利用金星來計算太陽的距離,其誤差很可能只有五百分之一。但是有一個問題,與水星凌日不同,金星凌日現象很罕見,而且總是以兩次爲一組,每組中的兩次大約間隔8年,而兩組之間的間隔卻有100多年。儘管如此,Hailey還是準確預測出金星會在1761年與1769年兩次穿過太陽表面,只可惜他有生之年一次也沒看到。

D在Hailey提出的測量太陽系方法的鼓舞下,英國和法國的天文學家組成小組,踏上去往各地的征途,這些地方甚至包括印度與西伯利亞。但是由於那時候英法兩國在交戰,所以這些觀測並沒有奏效。最值得同情的是法國天文學家Guillaume Le Gentil。英軍包圍了他在印度本地治裏(Pondicherry)的觀測臺,這使他備受打擊。在乘坐一艘法國軍艦穿越印度洋逃亡的時候,他看到了一次凌日的壯觀景象,但是船的顛簸搖晃使他完全沒有機會進行精確觀測。他並沒有灰心,而是留在了南半球,先是忙於研究毛里求斯 島和馬達加斯加島的情況,接着前往菲律賓準備觀測下一次凌日現象。然而,具有諷刺意味的是,在跋涉了將近五萬公里之後,他的視線居然被一片烏雲給遮住了,真是一次令人沮喪的經歷。

E雖然早期對凌日時間的觀測就當時所用的器材而言已足夠精確,但是其測量結果卻受到“黑滴”效應 (“blackdrop” effect)的困擾。金星入凌時,看起來有點模糊而不完全是圓的,因此很難計算時間。這種現象是由光的衍射造成的。另一個問題是,金星出凌時,它的周圍會產生暈環。雖然天文學家可以獲知金星是被一層厚厚的、可折射陽光的氣體所包圍,但是黑滴效應和暈環效應都使得他們無法獲得金星凌日的準確時間。

F但是天文學家依然努力分析這些觀測結果,以便用來觀測金星凌日現象。柏林天文臺臺長Johann Franz Encke根據所有這些視差測量最終確定了天文單位的值爲153,340,000千米。這個數值在當時已經相當精確了,也與現在用雷達測到的149,597,870千米非常接近。當然,現在雷達因其精準度已經取代了凌日測量與其他方法。天文單位是一個宇宙測量桿,也是現在我們測量宇宙的基礎。視差原理可以延伸應用到恆星之間距離的測量中。一月,當地球處於其軌道的某個點時,我們觀測一顆恆星,那麼六個月後這顆恆星的位置與當時觀測的位置看起來是不同的。瞭解了地球軌道的寬度後,天文學家就可以利用視差移位計算出這個距離。

G 2004年6月的金星凌日現象不只是一項重大的科學事件,更是一次天文奇觀。而這種凌日現象爲宇宙中 最重大的突破之一鋪平了道路,即對圍繞其他恆星運行的類地行星進行探測。

TEST 2 PASSAGE 3 參考譯文:

神經科學家解密創新思考

在過去十年裏,科學家對大腦的認識方式發生了一場變革。現在我們知道人們所做的決定源自大腦特定部分的神經元的放電模式。這些發現導致了神經經濟學的出現,神經經濟學研究的是經濟環境下大腦成功的祕訣,而這就需要創新,需要不走競爭者走過的尋常路。能做到這些的人可以謂之傳統叛逆者。簡而言之,傳統叛逆者做的是別人認爲不可爲而他卻能有所作爲的事情。

該定義說明傳統叛逆者與衆不同,更確切地說,是他們的大腦異於常人,表現在以下三個方面:認知力、恐懼反應力以及社交能力。這三個功能在大腦中各有一條不同的迴路。反對者可能會認爲大腦與此無關,他們覺得原創性及革命性的思維方式與其說是大腦的功能,還不如說是一種個性的體現。但是,神經經濟學的誕生正是基於這樣一個新的發現,那就是大腦的生理功能實際上會制約我們的判斷力。通過理解這些制約條件,我們就會明白爲什麼有些人愛唱反調。

首先要明白的一點是,大腦受制於有限的資源。它有固定的能量預算值,相當於一個40瓦燈泡的能量,因此大腦就進化出了一種儘可能高效的工作方式,這也就是大多數人之所以不愛唱反調的原因。比如,面對眼前源源不斷輸入的信息時,大腦會盡可能以最便捷的方式解讀這些信息。爲此,大腦會借鑑過往經驗以及其他任何信息來源,比如別人所說的話,來解讀眼睛所看到的信息。這種過程無處不在。大腦如此善於走捷徑以至於我們對此毫不知情。我們以爲我們對世界的感知是真實的,但其實這種感知只不過是 身體和電流對我們撒的小謊。認知不只是我們的眼睛與耳朵傳給大腦的信息。認知是大腦的產物,而不只是物理現實中光子或聲波的產物。

認知是反傳統論的核心。傳統叛逆者與別人看問題的方法大相徑庭,他們的大腦不像普通人的大腦那樣容易掉進高效思維的陷阱。要麼天生如此,要麼後天習得,總之傳統叛逆者總有方法繞過那些困擾大多數人的認知捷徑。認知不是天生的。認知是個學習過程,是個既讓人受盡折磨的毒咒,又讓人洗心革面的良機。大腦面臨着一個基本問題,那就是如何解讀從感官傳來的物理刺激。大腦所見、所聞、所感,皆可以有多重解讀,而最終獲選的解釋只不過是大腦自認爲的最佳理論。從技術層次而言,這些解讀是有統計學依據的,因爲統計學數據說明一種解釋優於另一種解釋,與此同時,這些解讀又受過往經驗以及他人觀點的嚴重影響,最後這點對於潛在的傳統叛逆者來講尤爲致命。

要想思維方式與衆不同,最佳做法就是往大腦裏塞其聞所未聞的東西。新鮮事物使認知過程擺脫了過往經歷的束縛,同時強迫大腦作出新的判斷。成功的傳統叛逆者非常樂意接受新鮮事物。觀察表明,傳統叛逆者對新鮮事物持欣然接受的態度,而大多數普通人則唯恐避之不及。

然而,新鮮事物的缺點是它會觸發大腦的恐懼系統。恐懼是阻止人們像傳統叛逆者那樣思考的主要障礙,它使普通人在創新思考的道路上躊躇不前。恐懼有很多種,但是有兩種恐懼阻止了創新思維,而且讓大多數人頗感棘手,那就是對不確定性的恐懼以及對淪爲笑柄的擔憂。這兩種恐懼看似都無關緊要,但是,對公開演講的恐懼則折磨着超過三分之一的人。因爲人時不時就要講一講,所以這種恐懼太常見了,很難被視爲一種精神疾病。這往往被看做一種精神障礙。它只不過是人性反覆無常的一種體現而已,傳統 叛逆者們帶着這種恐懼也會在衆人面前發表觀點。

最後一點,想要成功變成傳統叛逆者,必須把自己的想法推銷給別人,這就該社交能力登場了。社交能力是在商業環境中瞭解與管理人的能力。在過去的十年裏,人們對社會型大腦的認知突飛猛進,對這種 大腦在團隊協作共同決策時所起的作用也瞭如指掌。神經科學已經揭示出是哪些大腦回路在幫我們洞悉他人想法、與他人產生共鳴、做到公平公正以及辨別社會身份。在說服別人採納己見方面,這些大腦回路可謂功不可沒。感知在社會認知中也舉足輕重。對一個人的熱情或名譽的認知是生意成功與否的關鍵。若能瞭解認知與社會決策千絲萬縷的聯繫,便能明白爲何成功的傳統叛逆者稀世難求。

傳統叛逆者縱橫藝術舞臺、技術尖端及商業高峯,在每個領域都創造嶄新機會,他們貢獻出的創造力和革命力,一隊人也望塵莫及。他們視規則如草芥。雖然時常被人疏遠並且遭遇失敗,可他們仍然是團隊頂樑柱。無論在任何領域,若想成功,必先了解傳統叛逆者大腦工作的奧祕。

  劍橋雅思閱讀9原文解析(test2)

Passage1

Question 1

答案: H

關鍵詞: national policy

定位原文: H段第1句“The New Zealand Government…”

解題思路: 這一段的首句就以一種敘事口吻向考生交代了新西蘭全國上下正在開展的一場爲殘疾人服務的戰略,該句含義爲“新西蘭政府已經制定出一項‘新西蘭殘疾人事業發展戰略’,並開始進入廣泛諮詢意見的階段。”此外,在該段其他語句中也提到the strategy recognises..., Objective to provide...等信息,非常符合題幹中account一詞的含義。

Question 2

答案: C

關鍵詞: global team

定位原文: C段最後一句“The International Institute of…”

解題思路: 這句含義爲“在世界衛生組織的建議下,國際噪聲控制工程學會(I-INCE)成立了一個國際工作小組來”,這句話中international可以對應題幹中的global, 而working party可以對應team。這是對應關係非常明顯的一道題目。

Question 3

答案: B

關鍵詞: hypothesis, reason, growth in classroom noise

定位原文: B段第3句“Nelson and Soil have also suggested...”

解題思路: 在該段首句中就出現了classroom noise這個詞,因此該段有可能就是本題的對應段落。在接下來的敘述Nelson and Soil have also suggested...中,suggest一詞可以對應題幹中的 hypothesis 後一句中的This all amounts to heightened activity and noise levels,與題幹中的 one reason相對應。

Question 4

答案: I

關鍵詞: worldwide regulations

對應原文: I 段最後一句“It is imperative that the needs…”

解題思路: 全文只有此句中提及國際標準,含義爲“今後在制定和頒佈國際標準時,必須把這些孩子的需求考慮進去。”句中的international應題幹中的worldwide,standards對應題幹中的regulations。這道題屬於考點明晰、詞語替換幅度也不大的簡單題型。

Question 5

答案: D

關鍵詞: medical conditions,more at risk

定位原文: D段第1句“… those with a disability that affects…”

解題思路: 該段第一句話就明確說出了題幹中的意思。While引導讓步狀語從句,不必細看,直接跳到主句,those with a disability that affects their processing of speech and verbal communication could be extremely vulnerable,含義爲“那些在語言溝通方面有障礙的孩子們顯然是噪音的更大受害者”; disability that affects their processing of speech and verbal communication對應題幹中的medical conditions, extremely vulnerable對應題幹中的more at risk。此外,下文羅列出的hearing impairment, autistic spectrum disorders and attention deficit disorders可與a list of medical conditions相對應 。

Question 6

答案: A

關鍵詞: proportion, with auditory problems

定位原文: A段最後一句“The New Zealand…”

解題思路: 此題相對來說比較簡單,看到題幹中proportion“比例”一詞,馬上掃描文章,尋找帶有百分比的段落。顯然,只有A段最後一句帶有明顯的百分比。接着需要驗證百分比所在的句子是否在講新西蘭聽力殘障患兒的比例,然後確認選擇就可以了。該句中affected by hearing loss與題幹中的with auditory problems相對應。

Question 7

答案: two decades

關鍵詞: For what period of time, been studied

定位原文: A段最後一句“The New Zealand Ministry of Health…”

解題思路: 在這句話中,有的考生會認爲答案是over two decades,他們會把 over翻譯成“超過”。實際上,在雅思閱讀中,over大多數情況下是 during的意思,表示“在某段時間內”。況且此處若填over two decades,也不符合題目要求。故正確答案爲two decades,注意複數形式。

Question 8

答案: crowd (noise)

關鍵詞: machinery noise, autism

定位原文: E段倒數第3句“Autistic…”

解題思路: 此題的難度就是對應點和上一題離得太遠,不太好找。但是考生如果能循着autism(自閉症)這個詞,同時再留意一下它的變形,如 autistic, 就能快速定位到E段首句Autism這個詞,然後找到such as和the noise generated by machinery。這樣就不難推出正確答案就是和the noise generated by machinery並列的 crowd noise。

Question 9

答案: invisible (disabilities/disability)

關鍵詞: term, schoolchildren which have not been diagnosed

定位原文: G段倒數第2句“It is…”

解題思路: 根據順序原則,可以大概判斷出此題應該在E段以後的段落出現,而term一詞是“術語”的意思,一般對應文中特殊字體或加引號的詞。按這個思路找下去,很快可以找到G段倒數第二行的引號。 接下來只需判斷一下在引號周圍的內容是否是在談which have not been diagnosed。文中提到…many undiagnosed children exist in the education system with‘ invisible’disabilities,undiagnosed一詞即使不認識也可以根據構詞法利用前綴un猜測爲“未經的”,完全可以與題目have not been diagnosed對應。故正確答案爲invisible (disabilities/disability )。

Question 10

答案: Objective 3

關鍵詞: What part, New Zealand Disability Strategy, equal opportunity

定位原文: H段第3句“Objective 3…”

解題思路: 首先利用大寫New Zealand Disability Strategy定位到H段,然後開始尋找equal opportunity,很快將目標鎖定在第六行末尾處。讀完這個詞所在的整句話,不難發現是這個戰略中的Objective 3專門針對平等機會問題。故正確答案爲Objective 3。

Question 11 & Question 12

答案: A C (in either order)

關鍵詞: factors contributing to classroom noise

定位原文: B段,參見詳細的解題思路解析

解題思路: 選項A:當今教學方式——B段第二行出現的Modem teaching practices以及第五行出現的nt trends in learning...都可以對應該選項。故選項A正確;選項B:走廊迴音——沒有提到,不要因爲B段第三行提到poor classroom acoustics就聯想是這個選項,這只是指教室中的音響效果差;選項C:製冷系統 ——第三行中提到…mechanical means of ventilation such as air-conditioning, 指空調通風口產生的噪音。故選項C正確;選項D:班級學生數量太多——完全未提及;選項E:老師聲音洪亮——文中只是提到老師,但是沒有說老師聲音洪亮;選項F:操場遊戲——完全沒有提到。

Question 13

答案: C

關鍵詞: overall purpose

定位原文: I 段

解題思路: 題目:作者寫本文的主要目的是什麼?A. 比較應對聽覺障礙的不同措施;

B.爲過分嘈雜的學習環境提供解決方法;C提高對聽覺障礙兒童現狀的關注;D把新西蘭作爲其他國家學習的榜樣。首先排除D,因爲I段前兩句話表明新西蘭實際上要效仿其他國家,而不是被其他國家效仿,這個選項與文中信息矛盾。接着I段提到:Only limited attention appears to have been given to those students experiencing the other disabilities involving auditory function deficit. It is imperative that the needs of these children are taken into account…這句話明確表示本文的目的是讓更多人關注聽覺障礙兒童的現狀。故正確答案是C。

Test 2 Passage2

Question 14

答案: F

關鍵詞: examples of different ways, parallax principle, applied

定位原文: F段倒數第3句“The parallax principle can be extended…” 視差原理可以延伸應用到恆星之間距離的測量中。

解題思路: 句中的be extended to 就可以理解爲視差原理之前是用在別的地方,現在又被延伸應用到恆星間距離的測量可以與題幹中applied相對應。如果閱讀得足夠仔細的話,就會發現在前文中提到了利用視差原理測出了天文單位,即相當於地球到太陽的距離。可能很容易沒有耐心,在看到F段之前就作出判斷。比如可能會在B段倒數第四行看到parallax angle, 就簡單判斷該段是此題的答案;還有的可能在C段也見到了parallax一詞,也就順着作出錯誤判斷。 因此,解答這種類型題目時候一定要有足夠的耐心。故答案選F。

Question 15

答案: D

關鍵詞: prevented, transit observation

定位原文: D段內容

解題思路: 該段敘述了倒黴的法國人Le Gentil兩次不成功的觀測經歷。一次是在乘坐一艘法國軍艦 穿越印度洋逃亡的時候,他看到了一次凌日現象,但是船的顛簸搖晃使他完全沒有機會進行精確觀測。第二次是在跋涉了將近五萬公里之後到達菲律賓準備觀測,但是他的視野居然被一片烏雲給遮住了。由於這段文字敘述故事性較強,所以比較容易選擇。該段中像ruled out,clouded out這樣的詞組,都能夠對應題幹中的prevent。最後的dispiriting experience“令人沮喪的經歷”也可以體現觀測受阻後的遺憾。故答案選D。

Question 16

答案: G

關鍵詞: potential future discoveries

定位原文: G段最後1句“But such…”

解題思路: 如果在段落信息配對題中出現future一詞,則該信息點一般都出現在文章的最後一段。本文最後一段中用pave the way for這樣的詞組表明transit observation的確爲宇宙終極探索——尋找類地行星提供了可能性。故答案選G。

Question 17

答案: E

關鍵詞: astronomical instruments, failed

定位原文: E段第1句“While the early transit timings…”

解題思路:定位句中出現的instruments和dogged與題幹中的定位詞分另別應。句子含義爲“雖然早期對凌日時間的觀測就當時所用的器材而言已足夠精確,但是其測量結果卻受到‘黑滴’效應的困擾。”詞組be dogged by表示“爲……所困擾”。這一段的確是在講早期金星凌日觀測中的不盡如人意的方面,故答案選E

Question 18

答案: D

關鍵詞: Sun from Earth,observations of Venus,a fair degree of accuracy

定位原文: F段2、3句“Johann…”

解題思路: 顯然對應文章F段出現的數字,通過閱讀F段前五行,可以找出reasonably accurate 對應 a fair degree of accuracy, a value for the AU “天文單位的數值”, 即太陽到地球的距離,對應distance of the Sun from the Earth。所以此題應選D。

Question 19

答案: A

關鍵詞: could be worked out,comparing observations of a transit

定位原文: B段第3句“In November…”

解題思路: 文中B段Hailey第一次提出通過觀測凌日現象可以計算出視差角度。視差角度是指天體的位置由於觀測者的位置不同而產生的明顯差異。計算視差角度讓 天文學家得以實現當時最終目標——算出地球與太陽之間的距離,這個距離 就是所謂的“天文單位”。

找到Hailey名字所在的地方,再順着向下閱讀,很容易找到答案。所以此題應選A。

Question 20

答案: B

關鍵詞: time taken by a planet to go round, depends on its distance from the Sun

定位原文: C段第2句“Johannes Kepler, in the…”

解題思路: 文章中C段第二句提到了Johannes Kepler,他提出 the distances of the planets from the Sun governed their orbital speeds,其中 orbital speed 就等同於題中的 the time taken by a planet to go round the Sun。所以此題應選B。

Question 21

答案: C

關鍵詞: Venus transit,make any calculations

定位原文: D段第5句“Fleeing on a French warship…”

解題思路: 倒黴的法國人Le Gentil,在出現他姓名的D段,明確提到Le Gentil saw a wonderful transit — but the ship’s pitching and rolling ruled out any attempt at making accurate observations,其中 ruled out any attempt at making accurate observations 與題目中的 unable to make any calculations相對應。所以此題應選C。

Question 22

答案: FALSE

關鍵詞: Hailey, observed

定位原文:C段最後一句“Nevertheless, he accurately…”

解題思路: 定位句含義爲“儘管如此,Hailey是準確預測出金星會在1761年與1769年兩次穿過太陽表面,只可惜他有生之年一次也沒看到。”此題考點明顯,比較好定位,如果在閱讀過程中對Hailey印象深刻,因此很容易看到C段最後的這句話。

Question 23

答案: FALSE

關鍵詞: managed to observe, second Venus transit

定位原文: D段最後一句“Ironically after travelling…”

解題思路: D段說到在逃亡的船上,Le Gentil的第一次觀測沒能成功;接着他去了菲律賓, 準備第二次觀測,但是對應句表明在最後一刻,天空多雲,他又沒成功,正好和題目中的說法相反。

Question 24

答案: TRUE

關鍵詞: Venus, starts to pass in front of the Sun, appears distorted

定位原文: E段第2句“When Venus begins to cross…”

解題思路:根據句中begins to cross the Sun’s disc和題目中的starts to pass in front of the Sun相對應找到此題定位處,此時會發現對應句中的looks和題目中的appears可以完全對應,另外可以根據句中的not circular來推測前面的smear的意思,not表示轉折,所以smear意思應 與circular相反,不是圓的。如果考生不認識circular,則可以通過cir這個詞根來聯想 circle, 進而猜測。

Question 25

答案: NOT GIVEN

關鍵詞: atmosphere, Venus, toxic

定位原文:E段最後一句“…Venus was surrounded by…”

解題思路:E段倒數第二行提到 了 Venus was surrounded by a thick layer of gases,但 是這裏僅僅是說金星被厚厚的大氣層所圍繞,並未提到這個大氣層是否是toxic(有毒的)。

Question 26

答案: TRUE

關鍵詞: parallax principle, distant stars

定位原文:F段倒數第3句“The parallax principle can be extended to measure…”

解題思路:The parallax principle can be extended to measure the distances to the stars.視差原理可以延伸應用到恆星之間距離的測量中。 利用parallax principle和順序法則很容易定位此題,而且此題考點與第14題相似,不管先做哪個題目,另外一題都會很容易得出正確答案。

Test 2 Passage 3

Question 27

答案: C

關鍵詞: Neuroeconomics

定位原文:第1段內容

解題思路: 題目:神經經濟學作爲一個研究領域,旨在:A.改變科學家對腦化學的解讀;

B.瞭解大腦如何做出正確決定;C.瞭解在激烈的競爭中大腦與成功的關係;D.追蹤大腦不同部分中神經元的具體放電模式。利用定位詞可以將此題定位至文章第一段的第三句,然後和四個選項進行比較。句中的success可以對應題中的achievement,competitors可以對應題中的 competitive。句中which弓|導的非限制性定語從句對先行詞neuroeconomics起了解釋說明的作用。故答案應該選擇C。選項D在第一段雖然被提及,但並非是神經經濟學研究目的之所在,故排除。選項B根本未被提及,也可以排除。選項A貌似有道理,但實際上是對第一段某些詞語的過度解讀。

Question 28

答案: B

關鍵詞: iconoclasts, distinctive

定位原文:第2段內容

解題思路:作者認爲傳統叛逆者與衆不同是因爲:A他們的大腦回路與衆不同;B他們的大腦功能與衆不同;C他們的性格與衆不同;D他們能很快做出決定。此題定位點在文章第二段第一句,這句話明確說明傳統叛逆者之所以與衆不同,主要是因爲他們的大腦在三方面與衆不同:認知力、恐懼反應力以及社交能力。由此可知選項B正確。A和B相比,過於具體,僅僅將與衆不同理解爲迴路不同,與文中說的三方面不同相悖,故可以排除。選項D的 解釋過於簡單,可以直接排除。至於選項C中出現的personalities一詞則出現在第二段的倒數第四行,此信息已經於本題無關。

Question 29

答案: D

關鍵詞: brain, efficiently

定位原文:第3段內容

解題思路:題目:作者認爲大腦可以高效工作,這是因爲:A.大腦迅速利用眼睛;B.大腦對信息的解讀邏輯性強;C.大腦產生能量,自給自足;D.大腦依賴過往事件。根據定位詞efficiently可以快速將此題定位至文章中第三段第二句,然後根據該段內容對各個選項進行判斷。首先可以排除選項A,這一段只是提到面對眼前源源不斷輸入的信息,大腦會快速解讀,而不是說大腦利用眼睛幹什麼。選項B中提到的邏輯,文中也並未涉及。而選項C說大腦可以自己給自己提供能源,一定是對第二句中It has a fixed energy budget的誤讀。這樣排除掉前三個選項之後,正確答案應該就是選項D。

Question 30

答案: C

關鍵詞: perception

定位原文: 第3段和第4段

解題思路: 題目:作者認爲認知是:A.光子與聲波的結合;B.感官信號的可靠產物;C.大腦處理的結果;D.一個我們通常能意識到的過程。這道題目橫跨的篇幅比較長,文中對應點在第三段和第四段。首先,在第三段倒數第二行Perception is not simply a product of what your eyes or ears transmit to your brain.從這句話就可以知道,選項B是不對的;接着,利用最後一句話More than the physical reality of photons or sound waves, perception is a product of the brain.可以排除選項A,同時引出選項C有可能正確。最後在第四段第四行後半 句中提到Perception is not something that is hardwired into the brain. It is a learned process...正好能夠和選項C 中的a result of brain processes 對應。

Question 31

答案: B

關鍵詞: iconoclastic thinker

定位原文: 第4段內容

解題思路: 題目:作者認爲傳統叛逆者A.將認知思考集中於大腦一個區域;B.會避開認知陷阱;C.擁有天生就適合學習的大腦;D.會擁有比常人更多機會。此題定位在第四段。該段第二句和第三句提到Iconoclasts see things differently to other people. Their brains do not fall into efficiency pitfalls as much as the average person’s brain. 這句話實際上對應的就是選項B。但是有粗心的話會因爲 average person這個詞組選擇D。選項D不僅不正確,反而可以根據其中不存在的比較關係直接排除。選項A中的central—詞,估計是發源於第四段第一句話Perception is central to iconoclasm.應該直接被排除掉。至於選項C中出現的hardwired, 在第四段第四行中Perception is not something that is hardwired into the brain.就已經被否定了。

Question 32

答案: YES

關鍵詞: brain, think differently, exposure, forces

定位原文: 第5段第1句“The best way to see…” 要想思維方式與衆不同,最佳做法就是往大腦裏塞其聞所未聞的東西。

解題思路: 這道題目實際上需要利用上一大題來確定其大位置是在第五段,在確定大致位置之後,再用定位詞確定該題的確切位置是在第一句。Bombard一詞是“轟炸”的意思,此處有強迫大腦接收信息的含義,對應題目中的forces; 以對應題目中的exposure。

Question 33

答案: YES

關鍵詞: Iconoclasts, new experiences, unusually receptive

定位原文: 第5段第3句“Successful iconoclasts have…” 成功的傳統叛逆者非常樂意接受新鮮事物。

解題思路: 文中的have an extraordinary willingness to be exposed to與題目中的are unusually receptive to相對應,what is fresh and different與題目中的new experiences相對應。

Question 34

答案: NOT GIVEN

關鍵詞: shy

定位原文: 第6段內容

解題思路: 只在第六段中提到阻止人們創新思維的是兩種恐懼:對不確定性的恐懼以及對淪爲笑柄的擔憂,接着上一題的定位句往下找,無法找到題幹中所敘述的shy這個概念,而且全文也沒有提及。

Question 35

答案: NO

關鍵詞: overcome fear

定位原文: 第6段第2句“Fear is a major impediment…” 恐懼是阻止人們像傳統叛逆者那樣思考的主要障礙,它使普通人在創新思考的道路上躊躇不前。

解題思路: 此題出題思路有點繞,對應句的意思是說恐懼阻止了普通人像傳統叛逆者那樣進行思 考。而且整個第六段都是在講恐懼,尤其是對公開演講的恐懼,是如此常見,甚至被認爲是人性之一,顯然,傳統叛逆者也對公開演講有恐懼,只是他們不會讓這種恐懼在公開 演講時對自己產生阻礙。並不是像本題所敘述那樣,傳統叛逆者可以克服恐懼。

Question 36

答案: NOT GIVEN

關鍵詞: embarrassment, fears

定位原文: 無

解題思路: 此題也是一道完全沒有提及型的NOT GIVEN題。即便按照順序原則順着上一題向下找,但是直到找到第37題的考點,也沒有出現 embarrassment一詞 。

Question 37

答案: NO

關鍵詞: public speaking, psychological illness

定位原文: 第6段第5句“But fear of public speaking,…” 但是,對公開演講的恐懼則折磨着超過三分之一的人。因爲人時不時就要講一講,所以這種恐懼太常見了,很難被視作一種精神疾病。

解題思路: 這句話明確指出,對於公開演講的恐懼由於涉及人羣廣、十分常見,所以很難被視作一種精神疾病。這就和題乾的陳述直接衝突。在這裏一定要能夠理解...“太……以至於不能……”這個結構。

Question 38

答案: A

關鍵詞: successful iconoclast

定位原文: 第7段第1句“Finally, to be successful iconoclasts, individuals…”

解題思路: 可以看出要成爲 successful iconoclasts,social intelligence必不可少。段末最後一句話Understanding how perception becomes intertwined with social decision making shows why successful iconoclasts are so rare.表明如果要成爲成功的傳統叛逆者,就必須知道認知和社會決策之間千絲萬縷的聯繫。所以總結一下,a successful iconoclast既需要social intelligence,也需要perception。 故此題應選A。

Question 39

答案: B

關鍵詞: social brain

定位原文: 第7段第4句“In the last decade there has been…”

解題思路: 該句含義爲“在過去的十年裏,人們對社會型大腦的認知突飛猛進,對這種大腦在團隊協作共同決策時所起的作用也瞭如指掌。”這句話提到的groups coordinate decision making,正好與選項B當中提到的how groups decide on an action相對應。故此題應選B。

Question 40

答案: C

關鍵詞: an asset

定位原文: 第8段內容

解題思路: 第八段整個一段都是對iconoclasts的評價。在第一句中就提到了 iconoclasts是跨領域的人才,縱橫藝術、技術、商業領域。正是他們的創造力和革新能力使得他們成爲a major asset to any organization。只有選項C中提到in many fields, both artistic and scientific。故此題應選C。

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