劍橋雅思閱讀4原文翻譯及答案解析(test4)

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劍橋雅思閱讀4原文解析(test4)

Question 1

答案：TRUE

關鍵詞：record,1900

定位原文：第1段第1句“Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space.”

解題思路：“自從20世紀早期國際田聯開始記錄成績以來……”，題幹說現代官方運動員記錄始於大約1900年。因此答案爲TRUE。

Question 2

答案：NOT GIVEN

關鍵詞：before the twen?tieth century

解題思路：很明顯體感說的與原文說的相反，故答案爲FALSE。

Question 3

答案：FALSE

關鍵詞：burst of energy

定位原文：第1段第2-3句“For the so-called power…In the endurance events the results have been more dramatic.”

解題思路：體感說運動員的成績提高幅度最大的項目是需要爆發力強的項目，而原文說的是在持久項目中，運動成績提高得更多。故答案爲FALSE。

Question 4

答案：FALSE

關鍵詞：genetics

定位原文：第3段第1-2句“Identifying genetically talented individuals is only the first step. Michael Yessis, an emeritus professor of Sports Science at California State University at Fullerton, maintains that 'genetics only determines about one third of what an athlete can do.”

解題思路：題幹說的是基因在運動員的表現上起完全充分的作用。而文中說的很明顯是隻有大概三分之一的決定因素。故正確答案爲FALSE。

Question 5

答案：NOT GIVEN

關鍵詞：parents of top athletes

定位原文：無

解題思路：題幹中說頂尖運動員的父母通常也是很成功的運動員。而文中並未提到。

Question 6

答案：TRUE

關鍵詞：gifted athletes, younger age

定位原文：第2段第3句“Over the past century, the composition of… be identified early.”

解題思路：題幹中說運動不斷提升的國際重要性意味着有天分的運動員有可能被發現的更早。定位句中最後也說道因此現在比以往更有可能儘早發現那些獨具運動員基因的個體。故正確答案是TRUE。

Question 7

答案：genetics

關鍵詞：American runners

定位原文：第3段第4句“Yessis believes that U.S. runners, despite their impressive achievements, are 'running on their genetics.”

解題思路：根據大寫字母American runners定位到原文第3段第4句，可知答案爲genetics。

Question 8

答案：power

關鍵詞：former Soviet Union

定位原文：第3段最後一句“These methods include strength training that duplicates what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union.”

解題思路：據大寫字母former Soviet Union定位到原文第3段最後1句，原文的表述是前蘇聯率先應用plyometrics來訓練運動員，結合第4段首句：plyometrics focuses on increasing power，因此答案爲power。

Question 9

答案：injuries

關鍵詞：inadequate diet

定位原文：第5段最後1句“Few coaches, for instance, understand how deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to injuries.”

解題思路：根據inadequate diet定位到原文第5段最後l句，該段主要講營養方面對於運動員得到影響。最後一句明確指出，ciency in trace mineral can lead to injuries，因此答案爲injuries。

Question 10

答案：training

關鍵詞：key, setting

定位原文：第6段第1句“Focused training will also play a role in enabling records to be broken.”

解題思路：根據題目順序在原文第6段中找到答案及第2句，即打破記錄的關鍵因素爲training。

Question 11

答案：A

關鍵詞：Biomechanics films

定位原文：第7段第2句至第4句“A biomechanic films an athlete…high jumpers.”

解題思路：此題根據專有名詞Biomechanics films定位到原文第7段，這一段倒數第2句說到Dapena用這些方法幫助跳髙運動員。故正確答案爲A。

Question 12

答案：D

關鍵詞：Biomechanics specialists/Fosbury flop

定位原文：第8段第2句至第4句“For example, during the 1968… own mathematical simulations.”

解題思路：此題根據4個選項中共有的大寫字母詞彙Fosbury flop迅速定位到原文第8段第2句至第4句，原文的表述是：……生物力學專家後來對他的方法進行了分析，並理解了這一方法。答案爲D。

Question 13

答案：B

關鍵詞：John S. Raglin

定位原文：最後1段第2句及第3句“'Once you study athletics, … our understanding in many cases is fundamental.”

解題思路：原文的表述是：印第安納大學的運動心理學家John S. Raglin說：“核心表現不是更高，更快，更強這一簡單或者平凡的事。有很多的變數進人這一方程式，我們對很多案例的理解都是最基本(fundamental)的。我們還有很長的路要走。”因此答案爲B。

Question 14

答案：YES

關鍵詞：creativity, investigative work

定位原文：第1段第1句“Archaeology is partly the discovery of the treasures of the past, partly the careful work of the scientific analyst, partly the exercise of the creative imagination.”

解題思路：題目說考古學既包括創新也包括認真的分析調査工作。原文：考古學部分是對過去財富的發現，部分是科學分析的嚴謹工作，部分是創造性想像的練習，因此答案爲TURE。

Question 15

答案：NOT GIVEN

關鍵詞：ancient languages

定位原文：無

解題思路：題目說考古學家必須能夠翻譯古代語言文本。原文沒有提及題目的內容，因此答案爲NOT GIVEN。

Question 16

答案：NO

關鍵詞：movies

定位原文：第2段最後一句“However far from reality such portrayals are, they capture the essential truth that archaeology is an exciting quest—the quest for knowledge about ourselves and our past.”

解題思路：題目說電影爲考古學家的工作提供了真實的畫面。原文的表述是：相反，這些描述(指上句所說的電影)和現實差距甚遠(far from reality such portrayals are)，因此很明顯答案應爲FALSE。

Question 17

答案：YES

關鍵詞：anthropolo?gist

定位原文：第4段第1句至第3句“Anthropology, at its broadest, … from other societies.”

解題思路：題目說人類學家從不止一個角度來定義文化。而文中恰好從廣義和狹義來定義文化，故正確答案爲TRUE。

Question 18

答案：NOT GIVEN

關鍵詞：anthropology

定位原文：無

解題思路：題目說考古學比人類學要求更加苛刻。原文當中沒有提到題目中的內容，因此答案爲NOT GIVEN。

Question 19

答案：NO

關鍵詞：Europe, 3,000 BC

定位原文：第8段最後一句“Conventional historical sources begin only with the introduction of written records around 3,000 BC in western Asia, and much later in most other parts of the world.”

解題思路：題目說的是歐洲的歷史自公元前3000年就有記錄了。原文中的表述是傳統的歷史始於公元前3000左右西亞的文字記載，而世界的其他大多數地區的歷史要比這晚很多。因此答案爲FALSE。

Question 20-21

答案：DE (IN EITHER ORDER)

關鍵詞：anthropology

定位原文：第4段最後1句“Anthropology is thus a broad discipline so broad that it is generally broken down into three smaller disciplines: physical anthropology, cultural anthropology and archaeology.”

第5段首句“Physical anthropology, or biological anthropology as it is also called, concerns the study of human biological or physical characteristics and how they evolved.”

解題思路：該題的要求是從A—E五個選項中選出文中提到的兩個關於人類學的陳述。根據文章結構分別在第4段最後1句及第5段首句找到答案即選項D和E。

Question 22-23

答案：CD (IN EITHER ORDER)

關鍵詞：tasks/archaeologist

定位原文：第7段

解題思路：該題的要求是從A-E五個選項中選出文中提到的兩個考古學家的任務。根據文章結構可以在原文第7段當中找到答案，分別爲選項C及選項D。

Question 24

答案：oral histories

關鍵詞：written records/equally valuable

定位原文：原文倒數第2段最後1句“… but in no way lessens the importance of the useful information contained in oral histories.”

解題思路：這句話中和written records形成對應的只有原文倒數第2段最後一句中的oral histories詞組。

Question 25-26

答案：humanistic study/historical discipline

關鍵詞：archaeology

定位原文：最後1段第1句“Since the aim of archaeology is the understanding of humankind, it is a humanistic study, and since it deals with the human past, it is a historical discipline.”

解題思路：根據定位信息可知，答案爲humanistic study或historical discipline。

Question 27

答案：scientist

關鍵詞：compare/style

定位原文：最後1段倒數第2句“In this respect, the practice of the archaeologist is rather like that of the scientist, who collects data, conducts experiments, formulates a hypothesis, tests the hypothesis against more data, and then, in conclusion, devises a model that seems best to summarise the pattern observed in the data.”

解題思路：原文最後1段倒數第2句很明顯的告訴我們，被作者用來和考古學家進行比較的只有一種人即科學家。因此答案爲scientist。

Question 28

答案：iv

關鍵詞：無

定位原文：section A

解題思路：文中說到在經濟發達的社會，每一個衛生系統都需要做出決定：在衛生保健方面投入資源應占社會全部資源的多大比例……什麼形式的治療是最節省成本的?由此可見原文首段均在圍繞發達國家共同面對的問題進行闡述，所以答案爲選項iv。

Question 29

答案：i

關鍵詞：無

定位原文：Section C 第1句“However, at exactly the same time as this new realisation of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life.”

解題思路：首句的主要意思是：然而，就在這種認爲衛生資源是有限的新思想銷聲匿跡的同時，一種相反的思想在西方社會發展起來了。這種思想認爲享受衛生保健是人們的一項基本權利(basic right)，而這種權利是人們正常生活的必要條件。直到該段末句，都在闡述醫療和人權的關係問題，因此答案爲選項i。

Question 30

答案：iii

關鍵詞：無

定位原文：Section D 第2句“It is also accepted that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate heath-care resources are provided out of the public purse.”

解題思路：該段第2句的表述是：還有一個觀點也是被普遍接受的：這種權利使得國家有義務有責任確保從公共預算中劃撥足夠的資金提供衛生服務。該段由此直到末句都在闡述國家在保障醫療服務中的應承擔的義務及扮演的角色，因此答案爲選項iii。

Question 31

答案：v

關鍵詞：無

定位原文：Section E 第2句“The second set of more specific changes that have led to the present concern about the distribution of heath-care resources stem from the dramatic rise in heath costs in most OECD countries…”

解題思路：該段第2句的表述爲：大多數經合發展組織的國家的衛生費用急劇增加，這再一次引發了一系列改變，使人們開始關注醫療衛生資源的分配問題。下面內容均是針對該句所舉的具體例子及這一系列改變帶來的結果或影響，因此答案爲選項v。

Question 32

答案：B

關鍵詞：resources/limited

定位原文：Section B第2句至第4句“Thus, in the 1950s and 1960s,… 'limits to growth'”

解題思路：題目說人們意識到醫療資源是有限的。原文中“在20世紀50年代和60年代，西方社會出現了一種意識：化石燃料能源的供應資源是有限的，……換句話說，我們開始意識到一個顯而易見的事實，就是增長是有限制的。”因此答案爲B。

Question 33

答案：B

關鍵詞：rise/cost

定位原文：Section E 第2句“The second set of more specific changes…consumers of health-care resources.”

解題思路：題目說醫療保健費用的急劇上漲。原文“大規模的人口數量及社會的變化導致大多數經濟合作發展組織的國家的衛生費用急劇增加，這再一次引發了一系列改變，使人們開始關注醫療衛生資源的分配問題。”結合例子當中的時間，得出答案即選項B。

Question 34

答案：A

關鍵詞：belief/economic growth

定位原文：Section B最後一句“Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health systems that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War, ... ”

解題思路：題目中說到一種觀點：經濟的增長能夠產生所有人們所需的醫療資源。原文“回溯起來，有一個觀點現在看來不可思議：在1939年到1945年的世界大戰結束後的幾年內，很多國家建立了國民衛生體系，人們認爲這樣的國民衛生體系至少在理論上能夠滿足任何人羣的所有基礎衛生需求，經濟增長中‘看不見的手’將提供一切所需”因此答案爲A。

Question 35

答案：B

關鍵詞：guaranteeing/provision

定位原文：Section D第2句及第3句“It is also accepted that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public purse. The state has no obligation to provide a health-care system itself, but to ensure that such a system is provided.”

解題思路：題目的意思是接受國家在提供醫療保障中的角色。原文“還有一個觀點也是被普遍接受的：這種權利使得國家有義務有責任確保從公共預算中劃撥足夠的資金提供衛生服務。國家本身沒有義務去建立衛生健康體系，但是有義務去保證這樣一個體系的存在。”結合該段首句中的時間1970s，答案爲選項B。

Question 36

答案：NO

關鍵詞：Personal liberty

定位原文：Section C最後兩句“People are not in a position to exercise personal liberty and to be self-determining if they are poverty-stricken, or deprived of basic education, or do not live within a context of law and order. In the same way, basic health-care is a condition of the exercise of autonomy.”

解題思路：文中說到如果爲貧窮而苦惱，或者被剝奪了基礎教育，或者沒有生活在法律法規的框架下，那麼人們就不能擁有個人自由，自主行事。同樣，基礎衛生保健也是人實現自由的一個條件。很明顯個人自由和醫療保健是密切相關的，因此答案爲NO。

Question 37

答案：YES

關鍵詞：right, limits

定位原文：Section C第1句“However, at exactly the same time as this new realisation of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life.”

解題思路：原文表達的意思是：就在人們開始瞭解到醫療資源是有限的同時，一種相反的思想在西方社會發展起來了。這種思想認爲享受衛生保健是人們的一項基本權利，而種權利是人們正常生活的必要條件。原文和題目的表述一致，因此答案爲YES。

Question 38

答案：YES

關鍵詞：OECD countries

定位原文：Section E第2句“The second set of more specific changes…consumers of health-care resources.”

解題思路：文中說到大規模的人口數量及社會的變化導致大多數經濟合作發展組織的國家的衛生費用急劇增加，這再一次引發了一系列改變，使人們開始關注醫療衛生資源的分配問題。與題幹中說的“近年來，OECD國家人口數量的改變對醫療費用產生了影響”一致，故答案爲YES。

Question 39

答案：NOT GIVEN

關鍵詞：OECD government

定位原文：Section E

解題思路：題幹中說OECD國家的政府一直低估了醫療供應的需求程度。根據大寫字母詞彙OECD定位到原文E段，該段沒有提到題目中的內容，因此答案爲NOT GIVEN。

Question 40

答案：GIVEN

關鍵詞：Economically developed countries, elderly

定位原文：E段

解題思路：題幹中說在大多數經濟發達國家，老年人將不得不爲他們的未來醫療做一些特殊的準備。原文中E段提到了elderly people，但是沒有提到題目中的內容，因此答案爲NOT GIVEN。

劍橋雅思閱讀4原文參考譯文(test4)

Passage1

參考譯文

How much higher? How much faster?

—Limits to human sporting performance are not yet in sight—

多高?多快?

——人類的運動極限沒有盡頭

Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space. For the so-called power events — that require a relatively brief, explosive release of energy, like the 100-metre sprint and the long jump — times and distances have improved ten to twenty per cent. In the endurance events the results have been more dramatic. At the 1908 Olympics, John Hayes of the U.S. team ran a marathon in a time of 2:55:18. In 1999, Morocco’s Khalid Khannouchi set a new world record of 2:05:42, almost thirty per cent faster.

自從20世紀早期國際田聯開始記錄成績以來，運動員奔跑的速度，跳的高度，投擲重物的距離都在穩步提髙。在那些需要爆發力的項目，比如100米跑和跳遠項目中，時間和距離都提高了10%-20%。在耐力項目中，運動成績提高得更多。1908年的奧運會上，美國隊的約翰?海因跑出了2小時55分18秒的馬拉松成績。在1999年，摩洛哥的選手海耶斯以2小時05分42秒的成績創造了新的世界記錄，幾乎提高了30%。

No one theory can explain improvements in performance, but the most important factor has been genetics. ‘The athlete must choose his parents carefully,’ says Jesus Dapena, a sports scientist at Indiana University, invoking an oftcited adage. Over the past century, the composition of the human gene pool has not changed appreciably, but with increasing global participation in athletics — and greater rewards to tempt athletes — it is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance can be identified early. ‘Was there someone like [sprinter] Michael Johnson in the 1920s?’ Dapena asks. ‘I’m sure there was, but his talent was probably never realised.’

沒有任何一個人的理論可以解釋成績的提高，但是最重要的因素是基因。印第安納大學的運動科學家Jesus Dapena援引一常用諺語說“運動員必須小心選擇自己的父母。”在過去的一個世紀裏，人類基因庫的成分並沒有顯著地變化，只是全世界有越來越多的人蔘與了這項運動，誘惑運動員提髙成績的物質獎勵也越來越多，因此現在比以往更有可能儘早發現那些獨具運動員基因的個體。Dapena問道：“在20世紀20年代，能找到像短跑運動員邁克?傑克遜一樣的人嗎?我敢肯定是能的，只是人們從未意識到他身上具有的才能。”

Identifying genetically talented individuals is only the first step. Michael Yessis, an emeritus professor of Sports Science at California State University at Fullerton, maintains that ‘genetics only determines about one third of what an athlete can do. But with the right training we can go much further with that one third than we’ve been going.’ Yessis believes that U.S. runners, despite their impressive achievements, are ‘running on their genetics’. By applying more scientific methods, ‘they’re going to go much faster’. These methods include strength training that duplicates what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union.

識別基因優秀的個體只是第一步。加州大學FuUerton分校的運動科學系的退休教授Michael Yessis認爲基因在運動員的表現上只起三分之一的作用。但是，輔以正確的訓練，我們可以做得更好。他認爲美國的賽跑選手儘管已取得了衆多驕人成績，但他們是“靠他們的基因在跑”。通過使用更多的科學訓練方法，“他們將跑得更快”。這些方法包括力量訓練。這些訓練再現運動員在比賽中的動作，並應用了前蘇聯首先使用的一種訓練技巧——增強式訓練模式。

Whereas most exercises are designed to build up strength or endurance, plyometrics focuses on increasing power — the rate at which an athlete can expend energy. When a sprinter runs, Yessis explains, her foot stays in contact with the ground for just under a tenth of a second, half of which is devoted to landing and the other half to pushing off. Plyometric exercises help athletes make the best use of this brief interval.

雖然絕大多數的訓練用來提高力量或者持久性，增強式訓練注重提高力——即運動員使用能量的速度。Yessis解釋到，在一個短跑運動員跑步時，她的腳和地面接觸少於1/10秒，在這1/10秒中，一半的時間用於着地，另一半的時間用於蹬地。增強式訓練能幫助運動員最好地利用這一短暫的間隙。

Nutrition is another area that sports trainers have failed to address adequately. ‘Many athletes are not getting the best nutrition, even through supplements,’ Yessis insists. Each activity has its own nutritional needs. Few coaches, for instance, understand how deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to injuries.

營養是另一個沒有得到運動教練足夠重視的方面。Yessis堅稱，即使吃了補品，很多運動員也沒有得到最好的營養。毎一項活動都有自己的營養需求。到目前爲止，幾乎沒有教練懂得微量礦物質的缺乏是怎樣使運動員受傷的。

Focused training will also play a role in enabling records to be broken. ‘If we applied the Russian training model to some of the outstanding runners we have in this country,’ Yessis asserts, ‘they would be breaking records left and right.’ He will not predict by how much, however: ‘Exactly what the limits are it’s hard to say, but there will be increases even if only by hundredths of a second, as long as our training continues to improve.’

在打破記錄方面，集中訓練也起了作用。Yessis斷言：“如果對我們國內的一些傑出賽跑運動員採取俄羅斯的訓練模式，他們將會經常破記錄。”但是，他沒有預測能在多大程度上破記錄。“實際上極限在什麼地方是很難說的，但是隻要我們的訓練不斷增強，就會有提高，哪怕只有1/100秒。”

One of the most important new methodologies is biomechanics, the study of the body in motion. A biomechanic films an athlete in action and then digitizes her performance, recording the motion of every joint and limb in three dimensions. By applying Newton’s laws to these motions, ‘we can say that this athlete’s run is not fast enough; that this one is not using his arms strongly enough during take-off,’ says Dapena, who uses these methods to help high jumpers. To date, however, biomechanics has made only a small difference to athletic performance.

最重要的新方法之一就是生物力學，研究運動中身體的學科。生物力學將一個在運動中的運動員拍下來，然後將她的表現資料數字化，在三維空間上記錄下每一個關節和肢體的運動。通過在三維空間採用牛頓定律，“我們可以得出結論：這個運動員的奔跑速度不夠快，在起跑的過程中並沒有強有力地使用胳膊，”Dapena說道。Dapena用這些方法幫助跳高運動員。然而，到目前爲止，生物力學對運動員的進步起到的作用不大。

Revolutionary ideas still come from the athletes themselves. For example, during the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, a relatively unknown high jumper named Dick Fosbury won the gold by going over the bar backwards, in complete contradiction of all the received high-jumping wisdom, a move instantly dubbed the Fosbury flop. Fosbury himself did not know what he was doing. That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics specialists, who put their minds to comprehending something that was too complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through their own mathematical simulations. Fosbury also required another element that lies behind many improvements in athletic performance: an innovation in athletic equipment. In Fosbury’s case, it was the cushions that jumpers land on. Traditionally, high jumpers would land in pits filled with sawdust. But by Fosbury’s time, sawdust pits had been replaced by soft foam cushions, ideal for flopping.

革命性的觀點同樣還來自運動員自己。比如，在1968年墨西哥城的奧運會上，一個相對來說不是很出名的運動員迪克?F，使用了一個向後跳躍的方法獲得了金牌，他的這個方法和當時已有的跳髙方法完全不同，馬上被命名爲F式落法(既背越式)。他本人並不知道他正在做什麼。生物力學專家後來對他的方法進行了分析，並理解了這一方法。這些專家絞盡腦汁去理解這種過於複雜和非傳統的方法，而這一方法在他們自己的數學模擬中都沒有出現過。F式落法還需要另一個條件來提高運動員的成績：運動裝備上的革新。在迪克?F例子中，這一元素正是運動員着陸的墊子。傳統意義上，跳髙運動員都會着陸在填滿木屑的深坑裏。但是到了迪克?F的年代，填滿木屑的深坑被軟泡沫墊子代替了，而這種墊子是這種跳法再理想不過的裝備了。

In the end, most people who examine human performance are humbled by the resourcefulness of athletes and the powers of the human body. ‘Once you study athletics, you learn that it’s a vexingly complex issue,’ says John S. Raglin, a sports psychologist at Indiana University. ‘Core performance is not a simple or mundane thing of higher, faster, longer. So many variables enter into the equation, and our understanding in many cases is fundamental. We've got a long way to go.’ For the foreseeable future, records will be made to be broken.

終於，大多數研?a href="">咳嗽北輝碩鋇某澠嫺奶辶腿死嗌硤宓牧α克鄯恕！耙壞┠憧佳芯吭碩憔突岱⑾終饈且桓雋釗稅媚盞母叢擁奈侍?印第安納大學的運動心理學家John S. Raglin說：“不是簡簡單單的更高，更快，更強就可以提髙核心成績的。有很多的變量要引入這一方程式，我們對很多情況的理解都是最基本的。我們還有很長的路要走。”在可預見的將來，記錄將被打破。

Passage2

參考譯文

THE NATURE AND AIMS OF ARCHAEOLOGY

考古學的本質和目的

Archaeology is partly the discovery of the treasures of the past, partly the careful work of the scientific analyst, partly the exercise of the creative imagination. It is toiling in the sun on an excavation in the Middle East, it is working with living Inuit in the snows of Alaska, and it is investigating the sewers of Roman Britain. But it is also the painstaking task of interpretation, so that we come to understand what these things mean for the human story. And it is the conservation of the world’s cultural heritage against looting and careless harm.

考古學部分是對過去財富的發現，部分是科學分析的嚴謹工作，部分是創造性想像的練習。同時也是在陽光下辛苦地在中東挖掘，在雪中的阿拉斯加和因紐特人一起工作，研究羅馬大不列顛的下水道。但是它也是辛苦解釋工作，以使我們理解在人類歷史中這些東西代表了什麼。它保持了世界文化遺產，使之免受掠奪和疏忽的傷害。

Archaeology, then, is both a physical activity out in the field, and an intellectual pursuit in the study or laboratory. That is part of its great attraction. The rich mixture of danger and detective work has also made it the perfect vehicle for fiction writers and film-makers, from Agatha Christie with Murder in Mesopotamia to Stephen Spielberg with Indiana Jones. However far from reality such portrayals are, they capture the essential truth that archaeology is an exciting quest — the quest for knowledge about ourselves and our past.

考古學既是一個在田野的體力活動，也是在書房或實驗室的智力追求。這正是它的巨大吸引力的一部分。這種充滿了危險和偵探性質的工作的混合體是小說作家和電影導演的完美載體，從阿加莎?克里斯蒂的《東方快車謀殺案》到斯蒂芬?斯皮爾伯格的《奪寶奇兵》。雖然這些描述和現實差距甚遠，但是它們抓住了最本質的事實：考古學是一個令人激動的探詢，一個對關於我們自身和過去知識的探詢。

But how does archaeology relate to disciplines such as anthropology and history, that are also concerned with the human story? Is archaeology itself a science? And what are the responsibilities of the archaeologist in today’s world?

但是考古學是怎樣和諸如人類學和歷史學這樣的學科相聯繫呢，這些學科也同樣研究人類歷史?考古學本身是一門科學嗎?考古學家在今天低界中的責任是什麼?

Anthropology, at its broadest, is the study of humanity — our physical characteristics as animals and our unique non-biological characteristics that we call culture. Culture in this sense includes what the anthropologist, Edward Tylor, summarised in 1871 as ‘knowledge, belief, art, morals, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society’. Anthropologists also use the term ‘culture’ in a more restricted sense when they refer to the ‘culture’ of a particular society, meaning the non-biological characteristics unique to that society, which distinguish it from other societies. Anthropology is thus a broad discipline — so broad that it is generally broken down into three smaller disciplines: physical anthropology, cultural anthropology and archaeology.

最廣義的人類學是研究人類的科學，包括我們作爲動物的身體特徵以及被我們稱爲文化的人類特有的非生物特徵。在這種意義上的文化包括了人類學家愛德華?泰勒在1871年總結的“作爲社會成員的個體所習得的包括知識、信仰、藝術，道德、習俗以及其他一切能力和習慣。”而當人類學家談到某個特定社會的文化時，這個文化就是狹義的概念，指這個社會的獨特的非生物特徵，這一特徵使該社會區別於其他社會。人類學是一個非常寬泛的學科，通常分爲三個更小的學科：體質人類學、文化人類學和考古學。

Physical anthropology, or biological anthropology as it is also called, concerns the study of human biological or physical characteristics and how they evolved. Cultural anthropology — or social anthropology — analyses human culture and society. Two of its branches are ethnography (the study at first hand of individual living cultures) and ethnology (which sets out to compare cultures using ethnographic evidence to derive general principles about human society).

體質人類學或者生物人類學，正如其名字一樣，關注於人類生物或體質特徵的研究以及這些特徵是怎樣發展的。文化人類學或者社會人類學分析人類文化和社會。它的兩個分支是人種志(對單個活文化的第一手研究)和民族學(從人種出發，比較各不同文化，得出關於人類社會的通用法則)。

Archaeology is the ‘past tense of cultural anthropology’. Whereas cultural anthropologists will often base their conclusions on the experience of living within contemporary communities, archaeologists study past societies primarily through their material remains — the buildings, tools, and other artefacts that constitute what is known as the material culture left over from former societies.

考古學是“文化人類學的過去時”。文化人類學家經常把他們的結論建立在目前社區的生活經歷上，然而考古學家主要通過殘存的物質研究過去社會——建築、工具和其他人工製品，這些構成了過去社會留下來的物質文化。

Nevertheless, one of the most important tasks for the archaeologist today is to know how to interpret material culture in human terms. How were those pots used? Why are some dwellings round and others square? Here the methods of archaeology and ethnography overlap. Archaeologists in recent decades have developed ‘ethnoarchaeology’, where, like ethnographers, they live among contemporary communities, but with the specific purpose of learning how such societies use material culture — how they make their tools and weapons, why they build their settlements where they do, and so on. Moreover, archaeology has an active role to play in the field of conservation. Heritage studies constitutes a developing field, where it is realised that the world’s cultural heritage is a diminishing resource which holds different meanings for different people.

然而，今天的考古學家最重要的任務之一就是知道如何解讀從前的物質文化。那些罐子是怎麼用的?爲什麼有些住所是圓形的，而有些是方形的?在這裏，考古學和人種學的方法重合了。幾十年來，考古學家延伸出了種族文化考古學，和人種學者一樣，他們住在當代的社區中，但是他們帶着特定的目的，就是要了解社會是如何使用物質文化的，比如人們是怎樣製造工具和武器，人們爲什麼要在現在的地方建立住所，等等。而且，考古學在保護遺址方面起了積極的作用。傳統研究構成了一個不斷髮展的領域，在這個領域裏，人們認識到世界的文化遺產是一個正在減少的資源，這一資源對不同的人們有着不同的意義。

If, then, archaeology deals with the past, in what way does it differ from history? In the broadest sense, just as archaeology is an aspect of anthropology, so too is it a part of history — where we mean the whole history of humankind from its beginnings over three million years ago. Indeed, for more than ninety-nine per cent of that huge span of time, archaeology — the study of past material culture — is the only significant source of information. Conventional historical sources begin only with the introduction of written records around 3,000 BC in western Asia, and much later in most other parts of the world.

如果考古學只研究過去，那麼它有什麼是區別於歷史學的呢?就最廣義的意義而言，考古學是人類學的一個方面，同時也是歷史學的一部分，在這裏的歷史是指3百萬年前人類產生以來的所有人類歷史。實際上，在那段漫長的歲月裏，超過99%的時間，考古學這一研究過去的物質文化的學科是惟一有意義的信息資源。傳統的歷史始於公元前3000左右西亞的文字記載，而世界的其他大多數地區的歷史要比這晚很多。

A commonly drawn distinction is between pre-history, i.e. the period before written records — and history in the narrow sense, meaning the study of the past using written evidence. To archaeology, which studies all cultures and periods, whether with or without writing, the distinction between history and pre-history is a convenient dividing line that recognises the importance of the written word, but in no way lessens the importance of the useful information contained in oral histories.

人們一般是這樣把人類的歷史一分爲二的：史前(即文字記錄出現以前的時期)和狹義的歷史即有文字見證的這段歷史。對於研究所有文化和所有時期的考古學而言，不管有沒有文字，歷史和史前的區別只是承認文字重要性的傳統分界線，絕不會減少包含在口述史中有用信息的重要性。

Since the aim of archaeology is the understanding of humankind, it is a humanistic study, and since it deals with the human past, it is a historical discipline. But it differs from the study of written history in a fundamental way. The material the archaeologist finds does not tell us directly what to think. Historical records make statements, offer opinions and pass judgements. The objects the archaeologists discover, on the other hand, tell us nothing directly in themselves. In this respect, the practice of the archaeologist is rather like that of the scientist, who collects data, conducts experiments, formulates a hypothesis, tests the hypothesis against more data, and then, in conclusion, devises a model that seems best to summarise the pattern observed in the data. The archaeologist has to develop a picture of the past, just as the scientist has to develop a coherent view of the natural world.

由於考古學的目的是理解人類，所以它是一個人文主義的學科。而且，由於考古學研究的是人類的過去，所以它是一個有關歷史的學科，但是它在根本上區別於文字歷史的研究。考古學家發現的物質不會直接告訴我們去思考什麼。歷史記載是一種聲明，意見及評判。在另一方面，考古學家發現的物體本身並未直接吿訴我們什麼。從這個角度來說，考古學家的實踐更像科學家的實踐。科學家收集數據，進行實驗，提出假設，用更多的數據驗證假設，然後得出結論，設計模型，而這一模型看起來最適合總結在數據中觀察到的模式。而考古學家需要描畫出關於過去的一幅圖畫，正如科學家需要建立一個關於自然世界的連貫的思維框架。

Passage3

參考譯文

The Problem of Scarce Resources

稀缺資源的問題

Section A

The problem of how health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned, so that they are distributed in both the most just and most efficient way, is not a new one. Every health system in an economically developed society is faced with the need to decide (either formally or informally) what proportion of the community’s total resources should be spent on health-care; how resources are to be apportioned; what diseases and disabilities and which forms of treatment are to be given priority; which members of the community are to be given special consideration in respect of their health needs; and which forms of treatment are the most cost-effective.

衛生保健資源應該如何分配或指定以保證它們能以最公平、最有效的方式分佈，這個問題已經不算新了。在經濟發達的社會，每一個衛生系統都需要做出決定(正式或非正式)：在衛生保健方面投入資源應占社會全部資源的多大比例?這些資源應該如何分配?什麼樣的疾病和殘疾以及什麼形式的治療應該享有優先權?社會中的哪部分成員應該在衛生需求方面給予特別關照?什麼形式的治療是最節省成本的?

Section B

What is new is that, from the 1950s onwards, there have been certain general changes in outlook about the finitude of resources as a whole and of health-care resources in particular, as well as more specific changes regarding the clientele of health-care resources and the cost to the community of those resources. Thus, in the 1950s and 1960s, there emerged an awareness in Western societies that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible and that the capacity of nature or the environment to sustain economic development and population was also finite. In other words, we became aware of the obvious fact that there were ‘limits to growth’. The new consciousness that there were also severe limits to health-care resources was part of this general revelation of the obvious. Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health systems that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War, it was assumed without question that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle; the ‘invisible hand’ of economic progress would provide.

新近的發展是，自20世紀50年代以來，人們看待資源有限性及衛生資源有限性的態度都有了總體的改變，另外關於使用衛生資源的用戶和社區所需做出的開支方面也有了具體的變化。在20世紀50年代和60年代，西方社會意識到：化石燃料能源的供應資源是有限的，並能被耗盡，自然界或環境維持經濟發展和人口增長的能力也是有限的。換句話說，我們開始意識到一個顯而易見的事實，就是增長是有限制的。衛生保健資源同樣也會有一些限制的新觀念就是這個顯而易見的亊實的一部分。回溯起來，有一個觀點現在看來不可思議：在1939年到1945年的世界大戰結束後的幾年內，很多國家建立了國民衛生體系，人們認爲這樣的國民衛生體系至少在理論上能夠滿足任何人羣的所有基礎衛生需求，經濟增長中“看不見的手”將提供一切所需。

Section C

However, at exactly the same time as this new realisation of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life. Like education, political and legal processes and institutions, public order, communication, transport and money supply, health-care came to be seen as one of the fundamental social facilities necessary for people to exercise their other rights as autonomous human beings. People are not in a position to exercise personal liberty and to be self-determining if they are poverty-stricken, or deprived of basic education, or do not live within a context of law and order. In the same way, basic health-care is a condition of the exercise of autonomy.

然而，就在這種認爲衛生資源是有限的新思想銷聲匿跡的同時，一種相反的思想在西方社會發展起來了。這種思想認爲享受衛生保健是人們的一項基本權利，而這種權利是人們正常生活的必要條件。像教育、政治程序、法律程序、機構、公共秩序、溝通、交通和金錢供給一樣，衛生保健被看作是人們行使作爲自治人類的權利的必需的一項基本社會的設施。如果爲貧窮而苦惱，或者被剝奪了基礎教育，或者沒有生活在法律法規的框架下，那麼人們就不能擁有個人自由，自主行事。同樣，基礎衛生保健也是人實現自由的一個條件。

Section D

Although the language of ‘rights’ sometimes leads to confusion, by the late 1970s it was recognised in most societies that people have a right to health-care (though there has been considerable resistance in the United States to the idea that there is a formal right to health-care). It is also accepted that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public purse. The state has no obligation to provide a health-care system itself, but to ensure that such a system is provided. Put another way, basic health-care is now recognised as a ‘public good’, rather than a ‘private good’ that one is expected to buy for oneself. As the 1976 declaration of the World Health Organisation put it: ‘The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition.’ As has just been remarked, in a liberal society basic health is seen as one of the indispensable conditions for the exercise of personal autonomy.

雖然權利這個詞有時在語言上會混淆，但是到20世紀70年代晚期，大多數社會都承認人們有享受衛生保健的權利(雖然在美國，人們享有衛生保健的正式權利這一觀點受到了相當大的牴觸)。還有一個觀點也是被普遍接受的：這種權利使得國家有義務有責任確保從公共預算中劃撥足夠的資金提供衛生服務。國家本身沒有義務去建立衛生健康體系，但是有義務去保證這樣一個體系的存在。換句話說，基礎衛生保健是一種公共產品，而不是需要花錢去購買的私人產品。世界衛生組織在1976年的宣言中寫道;“享受可能達到的最髙標準的健康是每一個人的基本權利，不因種族、宗教、政治信仰、經濟或社會情境而異。”正如剛纔所提到的，在一個自由的社會，基礎衛生是行使個人自治的一個必不可少的條件。

Section E

Just at the time when it became obvious that health-care resources could not possibly meet the demands being made upon them, people were demanding that their fundamental right to health-care be satisfied by the state. The second set of more specific changes that have led to the present concern about the distribution of health-care resources stems from the dramatic rise in health costs in most OECD1 countries, accompanied by large-scale demographic and social changes which have meant, to take one example, that elderly people are now major (and relatively very expensive) consumers of health-care resources. Thus in OECD countries as a whole, health costs increased from 3.8% of GDP2 in 1960 to 7% of GDP in 1980, and it has been predicted that the proportion of health costs to GDP will continue to increase. (In the US the current figure is about 12% of GDP, and in Australia about 7.8% of GDP.)

當衛生保健資源不能滿足需求的這一現象比較明顯的時候，人們要求國家滿足他們享有衛生保健的這一基本權利。大規模的人口數量及社會的變化導致大多數經濟合作發展組織的國家的衛生費用急劇增加，這再一次引發了一系列改變，使人們開始關注醫療衛生資源的分配問題。例如，老年人現在是最主要的(相對來說也是最昂貴的)衛生健康資源消費者。在歐共體總體中，健康資源的消費從I960年佔GDP的3.8%到1980年的7%,而且這一增長趨勢將會持續。(在美國，目前的數字是佔GDP的12%，澳大利亞是7.8%)。

As a consequence, during the 1980s a kind of doomsday scenario (analogous to similar doomsday extrapolations about energy needs and fossil fuels or about population increases) was projected by health administrators, economists and politicians. In this scenario, ever-rising health costs were matched against static or declining resources.

結果，在20世紀80年代在各國衛生部長、經濟學家和政治家身中都出現了一股極度的悲觀情緒(和以往人們的悲觀推測類似，比如關於能源需求和燃料問題，或是人口增長問題)在這樣的論調中，他們認爲資源是穩定的或是減少的，而醫療費用卻是不斷上漲的。

劍橋雅思閱讀4原文解析(test4)

Question 1

答案：TRUE

關鍵詞：record,1900

解題思路：“自從20世紀早期國際田聯開始記錄成績以來……”，題幹說現代官方運動員記錄始於大約1900年。因此答案爲TRUE。

Question 2

答案：NOT GIVEN

關鍵詞：before the twen?tieth century

解題思路：很明顯體感說的與原文說的相反，故答案爲FALSE。

Question 3

答案：FALSE

關鍵詞：burst of energy

定位原文：第1段第2-3句“For the so-called power…In the endurance events the results have been more dramatic.”

解題思路：體感說運動員的成績提高幅度最大的項目是需要爆發力強的項目，而原文說的是在持久項目中，運動成績提高得更多。故答案爲FALSE。

Question 4

答案：FALSE

關鍵詞：genetics

解題思路：題幹說的是基因在運動員的表現上起完全充分的作用。而文中說的很明顯是隻有大概三分之一的決定因素。故正確答案爲FALSE。

Question 5

答案：NOT GIVEN

關鍵詞：parents of top athletes

定位原文：無

解題思路：題幹中說頂尖運動員的父母通常也是很成功的運動員。而文中並未提到。

Question 6

答案：TRUE

關鍵詞：gifted athletes, younger age

定位原文：第2段第3句“Over the past century, the composition of… be identified early.”

Question 7

答案：genetics

關鍵詞：American runners

定位原文：第3段第4句“Yessis believes that U.S. runners, despite their impressive achievements, are 'running on their genetics.”

解題思路：根據大寫字母American runners定位到原文第3段第4句，可知答案爲genetics。

Question 8

答案：power

關鍵詞：former Soviet Union

Question 9

答案：injuries

關鍵詞：inadequate diet

定位原文：第5段最後1句“Few coaches, for instance, understand how deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to injuries.”

Question 10

答案：training

關鍵詞：key, setting

定位原文：第6段第1句“Focused training will also play a role in enabling records to be broken.”

解題思路：根據題目順序在原文第6段中找到答案及第2句，即打破記錄的關鍵因素爲training。

Question 11

答案：A

關鍵詞：Biomechanics films

定位原文：第7段第2句至第4句“A biomechanic films an athlete…high jumpers.”

解題思路：此題根據專有名詞Biomechanics films定位到原文第7段，這一段倒數第2句說到Dapena用這些方法幫助跳髙運動員。故正確答案爲A。

Question 12

答案：D

關鍵詞：Biomechanics specialists/Fosbury flop

定位原文：第8段第2句至第4句“For example, during the 1968… own mathematical simulations.”

Question 13

答案：B

關鍵詞：John S. Raglin

定位原文：最後1段第2句及第3句“'Once you study athletics, … our understanding in many cases is fundamental.”

Question 14

答案：YES

關鍵詞：creativity, investigative work

Question 15

答案：NOT GIVEN

關鍵詞：ancient languages

定位原文：無

解題思路：題目說考古學家必須能夠翻譯古代語言文本。原文沒有提及題目的內容，因此答案爲NOT GIVEN。

Question 16

答案：NO

關鍵詞：movies

Question 17

答案：YES

關鍵詞：anthropolo?gist

定位原文：第4段第1句至第3句“Anthropology, at its broadest, … from other societies.”

解題思路：題目說人類學家從不止一個角度來定義文化。而文中恰好從廣義和狹義來定義文化，故正確答案爲TRUE。

Question 18

答案：NOT GIVEN

關鍵詞：anthropology

定位原文：無

解題思路：題目說考古學比人類學要求更加苛刻。原文當中沒有提到題目中的內容，因此答案爲NOT GIVEN。

Question 19

答案：NO

關鍵詞：Europe, 3,000 BC

Question 20-21

答案：DE (IN EITHER ORDER)

關鍵詞：anthropology

第5段首句“Physical anthropology, or biological anthropology as it is also called, concerns the study of human biological or physical characteristics and how they evolved.”

解題思路：該題的要求是從A—E五個選項中選出文中提到的兩個關於人類學的陳述。根據文章結構分別在第4段最後1句及第5段首句找到答案即選項D和E。

Question 22-23

答案：CD (IN EITHER ORDER)

關鍵詞：tasks/archaeologist

定位原文：第7段

解題思路：該題的要求是從A-E五個選項中選出文中提到的兩個考古學家的任務。根據文章結構可以在原文第7段當中找到答案，分別爲選項C及選項D。

Question 24

答案：oral histories

關鍵詞：written records/equally valuable

定位原文：原文倒數第2段最後1句“… but in no way lessens the importance of the useful information contained in oral histories.”

解題思路：這句話中和written records形成對應的只有原文倒數第2段最後一句中的oral histories詞組。

Question 25-26

答案：humanistic study/historical discipline

關鍵詞：archaeology

定位原文：最後1段第1句“Since the aim of archaeology is the understanding of humankind, it is a humanistic study, and since it deals with the human past, it is a historical discipline.”

解題思路：根據定位信息可知，答案爲humanistic study或historical discipline。

Question 27

答案：scientist

關鍵詞：compare/style

解題思路：原文最後1段倒數第2句很明顯的告訴我們，被作者用來和考古學家進行比較的只有一種人即科學家。因此答案爲scientist。

Question 28

答案：iv

關鍵詞：無

定位原文：section A

Question 29

答案：i

關鍵詞：無

Question 30

答案：iii

關鍵詞：無

Question 31

答案：v

關鍵詞：無

Question 32

答案：B

關鍵詞：resources/limited

定位原文：Section B第2句至第4句“Thus, in the 1950s and 1960s,… 'limits to growth'”

Question 33

答案：B

關鍵詞：rise/cost

定位原文：Section E 第2句“The second set of more specific changes…consumers of health-care resources.”

Question 34

答案：A

關鍵詞：belief/economic growth

Question 35

答案：B

關鍵詞：guaranteeing/provision

Question 36

答案：NO

關鍵詞：Personal liberty

Question 37

答案：YES

關鍵詞：right, limits

定位原文：Section C第1句“However, at exactly the same time as this new realisation of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life.”

Question 38

答案：YES

關鍵詞：OECD countries

定位原文：Section E第2句“The second set of more specific changes…consumers of health-care resources.”

Question 39

答案：NOT GIVEN

關鍵詞：OECD government

定位原文：Section E

Question 40

答案：GIVEN

關鍵詞：Economically developed countries, elderly

定位原文：E段

劍橋雅思閱讀4原文翻譯及答案解析(test4)

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