劍橋雅思閱讀5test2翻譯及答案

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劍橋雅思閱讀5原文(test2)

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

BAKELITE

The birth of modern plastics

In 1907, Leo Hendrick Baekeland, a Belgian scientist working in New York, discovered and patented a revolutionary new synthetic material. His invention, which he named ‘Bakelite,’ was of enormous technological importance, and effectively launched the modern plastics industry.

The term ‘plastic’ comes from the Greek plassein, meaning ‘to mould’. Some plastics are derived from natural sources, some are semi-synthetic (the result of chemical action on a natural substance), and some are entirely synthetic, that is, chemically engineered from the constituents of coal or oil. Some are ‘thermoplastic’, which means that, like candlewax, they melt when heated and can then be reshaped. Others are ‘thermosetting’: like eggs, they cannot revert to their original viscous state, and their shape is thus fixed for ever. Bakelite had the distinction of being the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic.

The history of today’s plastics begins with the discovery of a series of semi-synthetic thermoplastic materials in the mid-nineteenth century. The impetus behind the development of these early plastics was generated by a number of factors — immense technological progress in the domain of chemistry, coupled with wider cultural changes, and the pragmatic need to find acceptable substitutes for dwindling supplies of ‘luxury’ materials such as tortoiseshell and ivory.

Baekeland’s interest in plastics began in 1885 when, as a young chemistry student in Belgium, he embarked on research into phenolic resins, the group of sticky substances produced when phenol (carbolic acid) combines with an aldehyde (a volatile fluid similar to alcohol). He soon abandoned the subject, however, only returning to it some years later. By 1905 he was a wealthy New Yorker, having recently made his fortune with the invention of a new photographic paper. While Baekeland had been busily amassing dollars, some advances had been made in the development of plastics. The years 1899 and 1900 had seen the patenting of the first semi-synthetic thermosetting material that could be manufactured on an industrial scale. In purely scientific terms, Baekeland’s major contribution to the field is not so much the actual discovery of the material to which he gave his name, but rather the method by which a reaction between phenol and formaldehyde could be controlled, thus making possible its preparation on a commercial basis. On 13 July 1907, Baekeland took out his famous patent describing this preparation, the essential features of which are still in use today.

The original patent outlined a three-stage process, in which phenol and formaldehyde (from wood or coal) were initially combined under vacuum inside a large egg-shaped kettle. The result was a resin known as Novalak which became soluble and malleable when heated. The resin was allowed to cool in shallow trays until it hardened, and then broken up and ground into powder. Other substances were then introduced: including fillers, such as woodflour, asbestos or cotton, which increase strength and moisture resistance, catalysts (substances to speed up the reaction between two chemicals without joining to either) and hexa, a compound of ammonia and formaldehyde which supplied the additional formaldehyde necessary to form a thermosetting resin. This resin was then left to cool and harden, and ground up a second time. The resulting granular powder was raw Bakelite, ready to be made into a vast range of manufactured objects. In the last stage, the heated Bakelite was poured into a hollow mould of the required shape and subjected to extreme heat and pressure, thereby ‘setting’ its form for life.

The design of Bakelite objects, everything from earrings to television sets, was governed to a large extent by the technical requirements of the molding process. The object could not be designed so that it was locked into the mould and therefore difficult to extract. A common general rule was that objects should taper towards the deepest part of the mould, and if necessary the product was molded in separate pieces. Moulds had to be carefully designed so that the molten Bakelite would flow evenly and completely into the mould. Sharp corners proved impractical and were thus avoided, giving rise to the smooth, ‘streamlined’ style popular in the 1930s. The thickness of the walls of the mould was also crucial: thick walls took longer to cool and harden, a factor which had to be considered by the designer in order to make the most efficient use of machines.

Baekeland’s invention, although treated with disdain in its early years, went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of the twentieth century. It became the wonder product of the new world of industrials expansion — ‘the material of a thousand uses’. Being both non-porous and heat-resistant, Bakelite kitchen goods were promoted as being germ-free and sterilisable. Electrical manufacturers seized on its insulating properties, and consumers everywhere relished its dazzling array of shades, delighted that they were now, at last, no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the preplastic era. It then fell from favour again during the 1950s, and was despised and destroyed in vast quantities. Recently, however, it has been experiencing something of a renaissance, with renewed demand for original Bakelite objects in the collectors’ marketplace, and museums, societies and dedicated individuals once again appreciating the style and originality of this innovative material.

Questions 1-3

Complete the summary.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.

Some plastics behave in a similar way to 1……… in that they melt under heat and can be moulded into new forms. Bakelite was unique because it was the first material to be both entirely 2……… in origin, and thermosetting.

There were several reasons for the research into plastics in the nineteenth century, among them the great advances that had been made in the field of 3…………and the search for alternatives to natural resources like ivory.

Questions 4-8

Complete the flow-chart.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 4-8 on your answer sheet.

The Production of Bakelite

圖片6

Questions 9 and 10

Choose TWO letters A-E.

Write your answers in boxes 9 and 10 on your answer sheet.

NB Your answers may be given in either order.

Which TWO of the following factors influencing the design of Bakelite objects are mentioned in the text?

A the function which the object would serve

B the ease with which the resin could fill the mould

C the facility with which the object could be removed from the mould

D the limitations of the materials used to manufacture the mould

E the fashionable styles of the period

Questions 11-13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

11 Modern-day plastic preparation is based on the same principles as that patented in 1907.

12 Bakelite was immediately welcomed as a practical and versatile material.

13 Bakelite was only available in a limited range of colours.

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

What’s so funny?

John McCrone reviews recent research on humor

The joke comes over the headphones: ‘Which side of a dog has the most hair? The left.’ No, not funny. Try again. ‘Which side of a dog has the most hair? The outside.’ Hah! The punchline is silly yet fitting, tempting a smile, even a laugh. Laughter has always struck people as deeply mysterious, perhaps pointless. The writer Arthur Koestler dubbed it the luxury reflex: ‘unique in that it serves no apparent biological purpose. ’

Theories about humour have an ancient pedigree. Plato expressed the idea that humor is simply a delighted feeling of superiority over others. Kant and Freud felt that joke-telling relies on building up a psychic tension which is safely punctured by the ludicrousness of the punchline. But most modern humor theorists have settled on some version of Aristotle’s belief that jokes are based on a reaction to or resolution of incongruity, when the punchline is either a nonsense or, though appearing silly, has a clever second meaning.

Graeme Ritchie, a computational linguist in Edinburgh, studies the linguistic structure of jokes in order to understand not only humor but language understanding and reasoning in machines. He says that while there is no single format for jokes, many revolve around a sudden and surprising conceptual shift. A comedian will present a situation followed by an unexpected interpretation that is also apt.

So even if a punchline sounds silly, the listener can see there is a clever semantic fit and that sudden mental ‘Aha!’ is the buzz that makes us laugh. Viewed from this angle, humor is just a form of creative insight, a sudden leap to a new perspective.

However, there is another type of laughter, the laughter of social appeasement and it is important to understand this too. Play is a crucial part of development in most young mammals. Rats produce ultrasonic squeaks to prevent their scuffles turning nasty. Chimpanzees have a ‘play-face’ — a gaping expression accompanied by a panting ‘ah ah’ noise. In humans, these signals have mutated into smiles and laughs. Researchers believe social situations, rather than cognitive events such as jokes, trigger these instinctual markers of play or appeasement. People laugh on fairground rides or when tickled to flag a play situation, whether they feel amused or not.

Both social and cognitive types of laughter tap into the same expressive machinery in our brains, the emotion and motor circuits that produce smiles and excited vocalisations. However, if cognitive laughter is the product of more general thought processes, it should result from more expansive brain activity.

Psychologist Vinod Goel investigated humour using the new technique of ‘single event’ functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An MRI scanner uses magnetic fields and radio waves to track the changes in oxygenated blood that accompany mental activity. Until recently, MRI scanners needed several minutes of activity and so could not be used to track rapid thought processes such as comprehending a joke. New developments now allow half-second ‘snapshots’ of all sorts of reasoning and problem-solving activities.

Although Goel felt being inside a brain scanner was hardly the ideal place for appreciating a joke, he found evidence that understanding a joke involves a widespread mental shift. His scans showed that at the beginning of a joke the listener’s prefrontal cortex lit up, particularly the right prefrontal believed to be critical for problem solving. But there was also activity in the temporal lobes at the side of the head (consistent with attempts to rouse stored knowledge) and in many other brain areas. Then when the punchline arrived, a new area sprang to life — the orbital prefrontal cortex. This patch of brain tucked behind the orbits of the eyes is associated with evaluating information.

Making a rapid emotional assessment of the events of the moment is an extremely demanding job for the brain, animal or human. Energy and arousal levels may need to be retuned in the blink of an eye. These abrupt changes will produce either positive or negative feelings. The orbital cortex, the region that becomes active in Goel’s experiment, seems the best candidate for the site that feeds such feelings into higher-level thought processes, with its close connections to the brain’s sub-cortical arousal apparatus and centres of metabolic control.

All warm-blooded animals make constant tiny adjustments in arousal in response to external events, but humans, who have developed a much more complicated internal life as a result of language, respond emotionally not only to their surroundings, but to their own thoughts. Whenever a sought-for answer snaps into place, there is a shudder of pleased recognition. Creative discovery being pleasurable, humans have learned to find ways of milking this natural response. The fact that jokes tap into our general evaluative machinery explains why the line between funny and disgusting, or funny and frightening, can be so fine. Whether a joke gives pleasure or pain depends on a person’s outlook.

Humor may be a luxury, but the mechanism behind it is no evolutionary accident. As Peter Derks, a psychologist at William and Mary College in Virginia, says: ‘I like to think of humour as the distorted mirror of the mind. It’s creative, perceptual, analytical and lingual. If we can figure out how the mind processes humor, then we’ll have a pretty good handle on how it works in general.’

Questions 14-20

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

14 Arthur Koestler considered laughter biologically important in several ways.

15 Plato believed humour to be a sign of above-average intelligence.

16 Kant believed that a successful joke involves the controlled release of nervous energy.

17 Current thinking on humour has largely ignored Aristotle’s view on the subject.

18 Graeme Ritchie’s work links jokes to artificial intelligence.

19 Most comedians use personal situations as a source of humour.

20 Chimpanzees make particular noises when they are playing.

Questions 21-23

The diagram below shows the areas of the brain activated by jokes.

Label the diagram.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 21-23 on your answer sheet.

Questions 24-27

Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-G below.

Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 24-27 on your answer sheet.

24 One of the brain’s most difficult tasks is to

25 Because of the language they have developed, humans

26 Individual responses to humour

27 Peter Derks believes that humour

A react to their own thoughts.

B helped create language in humans.

C respond instantly to whatever is happening.

D may provide valuable information about the operation of the brain.

E cope with difficult situations.

F relate to a person’s subjective views.

G led our ancestors to smile and then laugh.

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

The Birth of Scientific English

World science is dominated today by a small number of languages, including Japanese, German and French, but it is English which is probably the most popular global language of science. This is not just because of the importance of English-speaking countries such as the USA in scientific research; the scientists of many non-English-speaking countries find that they need to write their research papers in English to reach a wide international audience. Given the prominence of scientific English today, it may seem surprising that no one really knew how to write science in English before the 17th century. Before that, Latin was regarded as the lingua franca1 for European intellectuals.

The European Renaissance (c. 14th-16th century) is sometimes called the ‘revival of learning’, a time of renewed interest in the ‘lost knowledge’ of classical times. At the same time, however, scholars also began to test and extend this knowledge. The emergent nation states of Europe developed competitive interests in world exploration and the development of trade. Such expansion, which was to take the English language west to America and east to India, was supported by scientific developments such as the discovery of magnetism and hence the invention of the compass improvements in cartography and — perhaps the most important scientific revolution of them all — the new theories of astronomy and the movement of the Earth in relation to the planets and stars, developed by Copernicus (1473-1543).

England was one of the first countries where scientists adopted and publicised Copernican ideas with enthusiasm. Some of these scholars, including two with interests in language — John Wallis and John Wilkins — helped found the Royal Society in 1660 in order to promote empirical scientific research.

Across Europe similar academies and societies arose, creating new national traditions of science. In the initial stages of the scientific revolution, most publications in the national languages were popular works, encyclopaedias, educational textbooks and translations. Original science was not done in English until the second half of the 17th century. For example, Newton published his mathematical treatise, known as the Principia, in Latin, but published his later work on the properties of light — Opticks — in English.

There were several reasons why original science continued to be written in Latin. The first was simply a matter of audience. Latin was suitable for an international audience of scholars, whereas English reached a socially wider, but more local, audience. Hence, popular science was written in English.

A second reason for writing in Latin may, perversely, have been a concern for secrecy. Open publication had dangers in putting into the public domain preliminary ideas which had not yet been fully exploited by their ‘author’. This growing concern about intellectual property rights was a feature of the period — it reflected both the humanist notion of the individual, rational scientist who invents and discovers through private intellectual labour, and the growing connection between original science and commercial exploitation. There was something of a social distinction between ‘scholars and gentlemen’ who understood Latin, and men of trade who lacked a classical education. And in the mid-17th century it was common practice for mathematicians to keep their discoveries and proofs secret, by writing them in cipher, in obscure languages, or in private messages deposited in a sealed box with the Royal Society. Some scientists might have felt more comfortable with Latin precisely because its audience, though international, was socially restricted. Doctors clung the most keenly to Latin as an ‘insider language’.

A third reason why the writing of original science in English was delayed may have been to do with the linguistic inadequacy of English in the early modern period. English was not well equipped to deal with scientific argument. First it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world in an objective and impersonal way, and to discuss the relations, such as cause and effect, that might hold between complex and hypothetical entities.

Fortunately, several members of the Royal Society possessed an interest in Language and became engaged in various linguistic projects. Although a proposal in 1664 to establish a committee for improving the English language came to little, the society’s members did a great deal to foster the publication of science in English and to encourage the development of a suitable writing style. Many members of the Royal Society also published monographs in English. One of the first was by Robert Hooke, the society’s first curator of experiments, who described his experiments with microscopes in Micrographia (1665). This work is largely narrative in style, based on a transcript of oral demonstrations and lectures.

In 1665 a new scientific journal, Philosophical Transactions, was inaugurated. Perhaps the first international English-language scientific journal, it encouraged a new genre of scientific writing, that of short, focused accounts of particular experiments.

The 17th century was thus a formative period in the establishment of scientific English. In the following century much of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading European language of science. It is estimated that by the end of the 18th century 401 German scientific journals had been established as opposed to 96 in France and 50 in England. However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the industrial revolution created the need for new technical vocabulary, and new, specialized, professional societies were instituted to promote and publish in the new disciplines.

lingua franca: a language which is used for communication between groups of people who speak different languages

Questions 28-34

Complete the summary.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 28-34 on your answer sheet.

In Europe, modern science emerged at the same time as the nation state. At first, the scientific language of choice remained 28…………… . It allowed scientists to communicate with other socially privileged thinkers while protecting their work from unwanted exploitation. Sometimes the desire to protect ideas seems to have been stronger than the desire to communicate them, particularly in the case of mathematicians and 29…………… . In Britain, moreover, scientists worried that English had neither the 30…………… nor the 31………… to express their ideas. This situation only changed after 1660 when scientists associated with the 32………… set about developing English. An early scientific journal fostered a new kind of writing based on short descriptions of specific experiments. Although English was then overtaken by 33……… , it developed again in the 19th century as a direct result of the 34……………….

Questions 35-37

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 35-37 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

35 There was strong competition between scientists in Renaissance Europe.

36 The most important scientific development of the Renaissance period was the discovery of magnetism.

37 In 17th-century Britain, leading thinkers combined their interest in science with an interest in how to express ideas.

Questions 38-40

Complete the table.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.

Science written in the first half of the 17th century

Language used Latin English

Type of science Original 38…………

Examples 39………… Encyclopaedias

Target audience International scholars 40…………, but socially wider

　　劍橋雅思閱讀5原文參考譯文(test2)

BAKELITE The birth of modern plastics

酚醛塑料——現代塑料的誕生

1907年，比利時科學家Leo Hendrick Baekeland在紐約工作時發現了一種全新的合成材料，並申請了專利。他將自己的發明稱作“酚醛塑料”，他的這一發明在技術上起到了極其重要的作用，並有效地催生了現代塑料業。

“塑料(plastic) ”這一術語原於希臘詞plassein，意思就是“塑造”。某些塑料源自天然材料，某些塑料是半人工合成塑料，即由天然材料發生化學反應形成的。還有的塑料是完全由人工合成的，也就是通過煤或布油的成分發生化學反應形成的。有些塑料是熱塑性塑料，即像贈燭一樣，受熱後形狀可以重塑。有些塑枳隄熱固性塑料，就像雞蛋一樣，受熱後無法再回到原來的黏滯狀態，是永久定型的。酚醛塑料是第一種完全由人工合成的熱固性塑料。

當代塑料的歷史源於19世紀中期對一系列半人工合成的熱塑材料的發現。早期研製這些塑料材料有多個動因：化學領域的巨大的技術進步，文化觀念的巨大轉變，以及等找合適的材料代替供應量日益減少的奢侈原料(如玳瑁殼和象牙)的實際需要。

Baekeland對塑料的興趣始於1885年，當時他還是比利時的一個年輕的化學專業學生。 Baekeland開始研究的是酚醛樹脂。酚醛樹脂是苯酚(石炭酸)和一種醛(與酒精類似的揮發性液體)結合的粘稠狀的產物。不過，他很快就放棄了這一課題，直到多年以後才重新開始這一研究。到了1905年，由於當時剛發明了一種新型照相紙，他賺了些錢，成爲了紐約市的一位富人。當Baekeland忙着賺錢的時候，塑料研究方面取得了幾項重大進展。1899年至1900 年間，第一種可以投入大規模工業生產的半人工合成熱塑材料獲得了專利。從純科學的角度講，Baelcelmid對塑料這一領域的貢獻並不在於他發現了酚醛塑料這種以他名字命名的材料，而是在於控制苯酚和甲醛反應的方法，正是這種控制方法使酚醛塑料可以進行大規模的商業製備。1907年7月13日，Baekeland獲得了描述這一製備過程的專利，其中主要步驟至今仍在使用。

Baekeland的這個專利列舉了三個步驟：首先，苯釀和甲醛(從木材或煤中提取)在真空的卵形瓶中進行反應，生成一種叫Novalak的樹脂，這種樹脂可溶且受熱後有延展性。然後使這種樹脂在淺盤中冷卻、變硬，最後破碎，碾成粉末。接着加入其他的物質，包括填料，如木屑、石棉或棉花，以增加強度和防潮，還要加入催化劑(加速兩種化學物質的反應但自身在反應後卻不發生變化的物質)和六元化合物(一種有氨和甲醛的化合物，爲生成熱塑性樹脂提供必要的甲醛)。然後將得到的樹脂再次冷卻，使其變硬，重新碾成粉末。由此形成的顆粒狀粉末就是粗質酚醛塑料，可以用來製造一系列的其他物品。在最後一步，將受熱的酚醛塑料澆進所需形狀的中空模具中，施以高溫髙壓，使其永久定型。

酚醛塑料製成品形狀的設計，無論是耳環還是電視機外殼，都在很大程度上取決於塑形過程中的技術要求。設計要避免物品在塑形過程中卡在模具中取不出來。一個常用的規則就是物品越深人模具的部分應越細。若有必要，則將物品分成幾部分，單獨塑形。模具的設計要十分小心，使熔化的酚醛塑料能平均地全部流人模具中。尖角不實用，因此要儘量避免，由此也帶來了20世紀30年代光滑的流線型形狀的風行。模具壁的厚度也很關鍵。模具壁越厚，冷卻硬化需要的時間就越長。爲了使(生產)機器能得到高效的使用，模具厚度這個因素是設計者必須加以考慮的。

儘管起初Baekeland的這一發明受到人們的鄙視，但後來卻受到前所未有的歡迎，在20世紀前半葉一直都很流行。這一發明成了工業擴張時期的寵兒，被稱爲是“萬能材料”。由於能防滲抗熱，用酚醛塑料製成的廚房用品都在宣傳中強調其無菌，可消毒的特點。電器製造商利用其絕緣的特性，消費者則享受到其鮮豔奪目的色彩，慶幸自己不用再忍受“前塑料時代”只有木色和棕色的單調了。到了20世紀50年代，酚醛塑料又再度失去人們的寵愛，遭到人們的鄙視，被大量銷燬。而最近，酚醛塑料又好像重煥了生機，收藏品市場上對原來用酚醛塑料製成的物品需求又有所增加。博物館、各種社團和熱衷於此的個人收藏者又開始重新欣賞起這種創新型材料的風格和其新穎別緻的特點。

TEST 2 PASSAGE 2 參考譯文：

What’s so funny?

John McCrone reviews recent research on humor

什麼這麼好笑?

---John McCrone對近期幽默研究的回顧

笑話從耳機中傳出來：“狗哪一邊的毛最多?左邊。”不對，不好笑，再猜。“狗哪一邊毛最多?外邊。”哈!這句話的關鍵詞語有些荒.唐，卻很合適，令人宛爾，甚至捧腹大笑。笑一直讓人類感到神祕，或許笑沒有什麼意義。作家Arthur Koestler稱笑爲奢侈的反射作用，“笑的獨特之處就在於它沒有明顯的生物學目的。”

幽默理論有着悠久的歷史。柏拉圖認爲幽默就是一種因感到比別人優越而體會到的快樂的感覺。康德和弗洛伊德認爲講笑話則要營造一種精神上的緊張氣氛，最後抖開笑話的包袱，讓其滑稽有趣之處化解這種緊張氣氛。但是大多數當代幽默理論家最終都採納了亞里士多德的觀點：笑話的基礎就是一種對不和諧情況的反應或解釋，這種情況下笑話的關鍵語句或者沒有什麼特殊意義，或者貌似荒.唐卻聰明地隱含了第二層含義。

愛丁堡的計算語言學家Graeme Ritchie在研究笑話的語言結構，不僅爲了理解幽默，同時也爲了瞭解機器的語言理解能力及推理能力他說，儘管笑話沒有固定的模式，但是許多笑話都是圍繞某個出其不意的概念轉換展開的。喜劇演員會描述一個情景，然後給出一個出人意料卻又恰如其分的解釋。

所以，即使笑話的關鍵語句聽起來有些荒.唐，聽衆卻可以意識到其中有一個機靈恰當的語義，而心頭掠過的“對呀”這一恍然大悟的感嘆就是令我們發笑的信號。從這個角度看來，幽默就是一種創造性的洞察力，一種向新視角的突越。

但是還有另外一種笑，就是社會交往中緩解緊張局面的笑。理解這種笑也是很重要的。在許多幼小的哺乳動物的發育當中，遊戲都是關鍵的一部分。老鼠會在廝打遊玩時發出超聲波似的尖叫聲，防止廝打變成真的爭鬥。黑猩猩有一種遊戲表情，把嘴張得大大的，同時發出“啊、啊”的喘息聲。對於人類來說，這些信號都已轉化成爲了微笑和大笑。研?a href="">咳嗽比銜し⒄庵直灸艿撓蝸沸藕嘔蚧航飩糉啪置嫘藕諾囊蛩夭皇切暗熱現疃巧緇岢【啊Ｈ嗣峭嫘韭砘蟣槐鶉碩貉鰨紀婺質保蘼凼欠窀械膠眯Χ薊岱⒊魴ι?/p>

無論是社交場合中的笑還是認知活動中的笑，都是我們大腦中的同一表達機制在起作用。情感和運動神經網絡令人微笑，併發出笑聲。但是，如果認知活動中的笑是更多元的思維過程的產物的話，那麼這種笑應當源幹更廣泛的大腦活動。

心理學家Vinod Goel使用“單事件”官能磁共振成像這一新技術對幽默進行調查研究，磁共振成像掃描儀使用磁場和無線電波跟蹤伴隨着心理活動的充氧血液中發生的變化。直到最近，這種掃描議都還需要數分鐘的時間才能完成掃描，所以無法用於跟蹤理解笑話這樣迅速的思維過程。而新的進展使所有的退理和解決問題活動都能在半秒鐘就快速成像。

儘管Goel感到弄清了大腦內部的活動並不能完美地解決笑話的理解問題，他卻發現理解笑話需要思維的大轉換。他的掃描儀顯示聽笑話的人在笑話開始時前額腦皮層會發亮，尤其是對解決問題起關鍵作用的右前額會發亮。但是在頭部側面的顳葉也會有活動，表明在試圖激發已有的知識，大腦其他許多區域也有活動。然後，當包揪抖開時，一個新的區域——前額眼眶腦皮層活躍起來。這個蜷縮在眼眶後邊的大腦區域是與處理信息相聯繫的。

無論人腦還是動物的大腦，迅速對眼前的事件作出情感上的判斷都是一件非常艱鉅的任務。能量和受激反應的程度都要在一眨眼的功夫作出調整。這些突然的改變產生的感覺既有積極的又有消極的。在Goel實驗中變得活躍的眼眶腦皮層區域由於與大腦的次腦皮層喚激結構和新陳代謝控制中樞有着密切的聯繫，似乎最有可能是將這些感覺轉入更高一層的思維過程的區域。

所有的溫血動物對外界變化的刺激都在不斷地作出細微的調整，但人類由於擁有語言而有着更爲複雜的內心活動，所以人類不僅會對周圍的環境產生感情上的反應，而且會對自身的思維產生感情上的反應。一旦某一苦苦尋找的答案出現了，人就會突然產生一種快樂的認可感。由於創造性的發現是令人愉悅的，人類學會了尋找獵取這種自然反應的途徑。笑話可以進人我們的一般評估機制，這就說明有趣與噁心，或者有趣與恐怖之間的界限是十分微妙的。一個笑話給人帶來的是快樂還是痛苦取決於一個人的價值觀。

幽默可能算是一種奢侈品，但其背後的機制卻不是進化過程中的偶然事件。正如弗吉尼亞州威廉—瑪麗學院的心理學家Peter Derks所說：“我樂意將幽默想像成是思維的歪曲鏡，幽默是創造性的，感性的、與分析和語言有關的。如果我們能夠找出思維是如何處理幽默的，我們就能從整體上處理好其運作機制。”

TEST 2 PASSAGE 3 參考譯文：

The Birth of Scientific English

科技英語的誕生

雖然當今世界科學爲包括日語，德語和法語在內的少數幾門語言所統治，但是英語可能纔是科學界最普及的世界語言。這不僅僅是由於美國這樣的英語國家在科學研究中所起的重要作用，而且還是因爲許多非英語國家的科學家發現爲了擁有廣大的國際讀者羣，他們需要用英語寫研究論文。今天，科技英語的地位已經顯得非常重要。因此，你可能很難想到在17世紀之前竟沒有人很淸楚在科學寫作中如何使用英語，(事實上)在17世紀之前，被人們視爲歐洲知識分子通用語言的是拉丁文。

約在14到16世紀間出現的歐洲“文藝復興”有時被稱作是“知識復興”，在這一時期，人們對失落的古希臘羅馬時期的知識重新萌發了興趣。然而，與此同時，學者們也開始檢驗和擴展這種知識。歐洲新興國家競相進行世界探險、發展貿易，這些活動的增加，使英語向西傳到了美洲，向東傳到了印度。這些活動獲得了科學進步的支持，如磁場的發現以及由此而發明的指南針，地圖製作技術的改進，和其中或許最爲重要的科學變革——由哥白尼(1473-1543)創立起來的地球與其他行星和恆星相對運動的理論和天文學的新理論。

英格蘭是率先有科學家熱情地接受並宣傳哥白尼的思想的國家之一。這些學者當中，有兩位對語言感興趣，他們分別是John Wallis和John Wilkins。1660年，這兩位學者幫助組建了英國皇家學會，來推廣實證性的科學研究。

整個歐洲大陸上都陸續出現了類似的研究院和協會，從而創立起了新的民族科學傳統。在科學革命的初始階段，大多以本國語言出版的出版物都是大衆讀物、百科全書、教科書和譯著。直到17世紀下半葉，英語才成爲原創科學所使用的語言。例如，牛頓發表自己的數學論文《自然哲學的數學原理》時用的是拉丁文，但後來發表他有關光的特性的論文《光學》時，用的卻是英文。

原創科學一直使用拉丁文寫作有多個原因。首先就是讀者的問題。拉丁文適合廣大國際學者閱讀，而英語雖然可以被社會上更多的人所理解，但這些讀者更多的是英國國內的讀者。因此，大衆科學是用英語寫就的。

第二個用拉丁文寫作的原因或許顯得荒謬，那就是想要保守祕密。公開出版著作可能會導致還未被原作者研究透徹的初步理念進人公衆領域。對知識產權的日益關注是那個時代的特徵，這既反映出一種人文關懷，即對富於理性的科學家個人通過自己的腦力勞動進行發明和發現的關懷，又體現出原創科學與商業化利用間日益緊密的聯繫。那些懂拉丁文的學者、紳士與沒有受過什麼正規教育的商人是有社會差異的。17世紀中期的時候，數學家將自己的發現和例證用密碼、晦澀的語言來描述，或寫成個人的便條，封存在英國皇家學會的小盒子裏，以保守祕密，這在當時是司空見慣的事情。有些科學家更願用拉丁文的原因可能就是因爲儘管拉丁文的讀者是世界性的，卻是非常有限的，社會上沒有多少人懂，醫生則對拉丁文萬分鍾愛，將其視爲“內部人的語言”。

原創科學遲遲未用英文書寫的第三個原因可能與近代早期英語語言還不發達有關。英語還不能很好的用於科學說理。首先，英語缺乏必要的技術詞彙;其次，英語沒有必要的語法，無法客觀公正地表現世界，也無法討論各種關係，如複雜而又是假設性的各實體間可能存在的因果關係。

幸運的是，有幾名英國皇家學會的成員對語言感興趣，並開始從事各種語言學方面的研究工作。儘管1664年關於建立改善英語委員會的提議沒有什麼結果，但是英國皇家學會的成員卻做了大量的工作，促進用英語出版科學著作，鼓勵恰當寫作風格的形成。許多英國皇家學會的成員也用英文發表了學術專著，首批成員包括學會首任實驗管理員羅伯特·胡克，他1665年出版了《顯微圖集》，書中描述了他的顯微鏡實驗。這本著作以口頭講解示範和講座的文字記錄稿爲藍本，大體上是記敘文風格。

1665年，一份新的科學雜誌《哲學彙刊》創刊。這或許算得上是首份英文國際科學期刊。該期刊鼓勵新的科學寫作風格：簡潔、重點地描述某一特定實驗。

因此，17世紀算是科技英語形成的發展階段。在接下來的一個世紀中，科技英語的這種發展勢頭卻消失了，因爲德語成爲了歐洲科學領域的主導語言。據估計，到了18世紀末，德語科學雜誌有401份，與之相對，法語科學雜誌有96份，英語科學雜誌有50份，儘管如此，到了19世紀，伴隨着工業革命對新技術詞彙的需要，科技英語在詞彙上重新有了大幅度的增長。同時，新的專業學會也紛紛建立起來，促進新學科的發展和著作的出版。

　　劍橋雅思閱讀5原文解析(test2)

Test 2 Passage 1

Question 1

答案： candlewax

關鍵詞：similar/melt under heat

定位原文: 第2段倒數第2句“ candlewax, they melt when heated...”

解題思路：只要能夠在第二段中找到定位詞melt和heated，很快就能夠找到similar的同義詞like。因此答案應該選擇candlewax。

Question 2

答案： synthetic

關鍵詞： bakelite/.../themosetting

定位原文: 第2段最後1句“Bakelite had the distinction of being…”

解題思路: distinction和first對應題目中的unique，而thermoseting一詞前面只有synthetic這個詞可以選擇，即使不認識，也可以填上去。

Question 3

答案： chemistry

關鍵詞：the nineteenth century/advances/field/ivory

定位原文: 第3段第2句“The impetus…”

解題思路: 選用nineteenth century和ivory兩個特殊詞找到答案定位，然後再仔細尋找great advances的對應詞immense technological progress，隨後馬上可以看到field的對應詞domain。因此這道題目應該填chemistry。

Question 4

答案： Novalak

關鍵詞: avoid overcrowded centre

定位原文: D段最後1句“Instead…”

解題思路: instead是一個轉折連接詞，後面的觀點與前者剛好相反。上一句說 pushing everyone into the city centre was not the best approach，剛好證明我們應該避免造成一個過度擁擠的市中心。

Question 5

答案： fillers

關鍵詞： cotton / asbestos / catalysts

定位原文: 第5段第4句“Other…”

解題思路: 此處需要注意答案並不是woodflour，因爲文中說 fillers such as woodflour, asbestos or cotton，後三者是作者舉出的filler的具體例子，故不選。

Question 6

答案： hexa

關鍵詞：ammonia/formaldehyde

定位原文: 第5段第4句的後半句“hexa, a compound…”

解題思路: 此題目位置稍有顛倒，但是隻要明白compound是混合物的意思就不難得到答案是hexa。

Question 7

答案： raw

關鍵詞： resin/cool/harden/break up/powder/bakelite

定位原文: 第5段第5句“This resin…”

解題思路: 第五段先找到cool和harden，很快看到Bakelite，前面的詞是raw。

Question 8

答案： pressure

關鍵詞：mould /intense heat /cool

定位原文: 第5段最後1句“In the last stage…”

解題思路: extreme 和 intense 屬於同義表達，空處和intense heat形成並列關係，答案很容易得出是pressure。

Question 9 & Question 10

答案：B C

關鍵詞： design/Bakelite

定位原文: 第6段第2句“The object…”第6段第4句“Moulds had to be…”

解題思路: 第2句對應C選項，could not locked into 和題目的remove from 屬於同義表達;第4句對應B選項，fill 和 flow completely into 也屬於同義表達。

Question 11

答案: TRUE

關鍵詞：based on / the same

定位原文: 第1段第2句和第4段最後1句

解題思路: 文中launch 一詞實際上指的是1907年獲得專利的技術開啓了現代塑料工業的大門。所以答案應該是TRUE。這一點在最後一段中也能得到印證。

Question 12

答案： FALSE

關鍵詞：welcome

定位原文: 第7段第1句和倒數第2句

解題思路: 文中明確提到在其剛剛誕生的時候，酚醛塑料頗爲大衆所不屑，並不是立即就受到歡迎。下面的文章又提到 it then fell from favour again during the 1950s. immediately 一詞過於絕對，一般在題目中出現該詞選FALSE。

Question 13

答案：FALSE

關鍵詞：colours

定位原文: 第7段第4句“ghted that they were now, at last, no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the preplastic era.”

解題思路: 這句話告訴我們在塑料發展的初級階段，人們只能買到木色和棕色的產品，但是隨着技術的進步，人們不再限於這兩種單調的顏色了。only 一詞過於絕對，一般在題目中出現了該詞選FALSE。

Test 2 Passage 2

Question 14

答案：FALSE

關鍵詞：Arthur Koestler

定位原文: 第1段最後1句“The writer….”

解題思路: 文中已經明確指出“笑的獨特之處就在幹它沒有明顯的生物學目的”，而題目卻一定要說它從生物學的很多方面而言都很重要，本題是牴觸型的False。

Question 15

答案：NOT GIVEN

關鍵詞： Plato

定位原文: 第2段第2句“Plato expressed…”

解題思路: 這句話應該翻譯爲“柏拉圖認爲幽默是因感覺比別人優越而體會到的快樂感覺”而並沒有具體提到在哪方面比別人優越。題目將這個範圍縮小到了在智力上比別人優越，明顯是一道完全未提及型的NOT GIVEN。

Question 16

答案： TRUE

關鍵詞：Kant

定位原文: 第2段第3句“Kant and Freud felt…”

解題思路: 康德和弗洛伊德認爲講笑話時需要營造一種精神上的緊張氣氛，最後抖開笑話的包袱，讓其滑稽有趣之處化解這種緊張氣氛。tension 等同於energy，safely punctured 等同於controlled release。本題是一道典型的同義詞對應型的TRUE。

Question 17

答案：FALSE

關鍵詞：Aristotle

定位原文: 第2段最後1句“But most modem humour…”

解題思路: 但是大多數當代幽默理論家最終都採納了類似亞里士多德的觀點……settle on決定;選定，題目中的ignore就和這個詞組牴觸，反義詞牴觸型FALSE。

Question 18

答案：TRUE

關鍵詞：Graeme Ritchie

定位原文: 第3段第1句“Graeme Ritchie,…, studies the linguistic…”

解題思路: Graeme Ritchie在研究笑話的語言結構，不僅爲了理解幽默，同時也爲了瞭解機器的語言理解能力及推理能力。此題的關鍵是理解artificial intelligence 一詞。所謂A.I.，其實就是指機器可以具有理解語言和邏輯推理的能力。

Question 19

答案：NOT GIVEN

關鍵詞：comedians

定位原文: 第3段最後1句話“A comedian will present a…”

解題思路: 喜劇演員會描述一個情景，然後給出一個出人意料卻又恰如其分的解釋。這裏並未提到喜劇演員是否會將個人情景作爲笑料。

Question 20

答案： TRUE

關鍵詞：chimpanzees

定位原文: 第5段第4句“Chimpanzees have a…”

解題思路: 黑狸猩有一種遊戲表情，把嘴張得大大的，同時發出“啊、啊”的喘息聲。文中這句話正好表明了黑猩猩在玩耍的時候會發出某種聲音，與題目一致，故選擇TRUE。

Question 21

答案： problem solving

關鍵詞： area/ activated/ right prefrontal/orbital prefrontal

定位原文: 第8段第2句“ener’s prefrontal cortex Lit up, particularly the right prefrontal…”

解題思路: 問題要求填出right prefrontal cortex與何種思維活動有關，所以答案爲problem solving。

Question 22

答案： temporal lobes

關鍵詞：too

定位原文: 第8段第3句

解題思路: 題目中的active對應文中的activity。當然，實際上這道題目只要能將題目中的too和文章中的also相對應就能解出來了。答案是temporal lobes。

Question 23

答案： evaluating information

關鍵詞： orbital prefrontal cortex

定位原文: 第8段最後兩句

解題思路: 題目中的involved with相當於文章中的associated with,所以答案應該選擇evaluating information。

Question 24

答案： C

關鍵詞： brain / most difficult

定位原文: 第9段第1句

解題思路: 其中extremely demanding就相當於24題中的most difficult，而a rapid emotional assessment就等同於respond instantly to。

Question 25

答案： A

關鍵詞：language

定位原文: 第10段第1句 “..., but humans, who have developed a much…”

解題思路: 定位句正好和A選項相呼應

Question 26

答案： F

關鍵詞： individual

定位原文: 第10段最後1句

解題思路: outlook指“觀念，觀點”，等同於F答案中的subjective views 。

Question 27

答案：D

關鍵詞： Peter Derks

定位原文：第11段最後1句

解題思路：mind等同於答案D中的brain, works則等同於operation 。

Test 2 Passage 3

Question 28

答案： Latin

關鍵詞：Europe/nation state/At first

定位原文: 文中第1、5、6段

解題思路: 在首段末句，作者提到了 Before that, Latin was regarded as the lingua franca for European intellectuals. 我們隱約可以感覺到拉丁文在學術界的盛行，但這還不足以讓我們確定此空就要填Latin一詞。在第五和第六段中，作者提到了學術界流行拉丁文的原因。其中第六段開頭一句提到A second reason for writing in Latin may, perversely, have a concern for secrecy. 這正好就等同題目中28空後面的那句話，所以我們椎測答案應該填寫Latin一詞。

Question 29

答案： doctors

關鍵詞： Mathematicians

定位原文: 第6段中最後3句

解題思路: 題目中告訴我們：有的時候保護個人觀點的慾望遠遠大於與人分享觀點的慾望，特別是對於數學家和___。在這裏應該填上一個表示職業的名詞。而第六段中在mathematician之後，只有一個表示職業的名詞，那就是doctors。故答案應該填 doctors。

Question 30 and Question 31

答案： technical vocabulary grammatical resources (in either order)

關鍵詞： Britain/ English/ neither... nor...

定位原文: 第7段第3句“First, it lacked…”

解題思路: 首先用English將此題定位在第七段中，這一段提到了英文爲什麼遲遲未被用作學術語言的原因。從題目上我們看出這兩個原因應該是並列的，進而找到了first和second，然後就選出了答案technical vocabulary和grammatical resources。

Question 32

答案： Royal Society

關鍵詞：after 1660/ associated with

定位原文: 第8段第1句“... Several members of the Royal Society... ”

解題思路: 按照順序原則，此題答案應該在第八段出現。在這一段當中作者不斷提到皇家學會的科學家如何致力於發展英語作爲一種學術語言，並且舉出了具體的例子。所以答案應該填Royal Society。

Question 33

答案： German

關鍵詞：journal/English/overtaken

定位原文: 第10段第2句“ German established itself as…”

解題思路: 第十段中提到德語壓倒英語成爲主要的科學語言。...確立爲……。

Question 34

答案： industrial revolution

關鍵詞：19th century

定位原文: 第10段最後1句

解題思路: 是工業革命促進了科技英語的復興，所以此題答案應該填industrial revolution。

Question 35

答案： NOT GIVEN

關鍵詞：Renaissance Europe

定位原文: 第2段內容

解題思路: 在此段當中並沒有提到文藝復興時期歐洲的科學家們是如何激烈競爭的，是一道完全未提及型NOT GIVEN。

Question 36

答案：FALSE

關鍵詞：magnetism

定位原文: 第2段第4句“ supported by scientific developments such as the discovery of magnetism, improvements…”

解題思路: 這句話表明文藝復興時期最重大的發現也許是天文學方面的新理論，這就和題目當中磁場的發現相牴觸了，故應該選擇FALSE。

Question 37

答案：TRUE

關鍵詞：17th-century Britain

定位原文: 第3段內容

解題思路: 根據T/F/NG題目一般每段考査一題、按順序出題的原則，我們將這道題目定位在第三段，而England一詞也印證了我們的定位。但是如果想在這一段直接找到與題目相對應的詞語卻非常困難。本段只是描到英格蘭是率先有科學家熱情地接受並宣傳哥白尼的思想的國家統一。這些學者當中，有兩位對語言感興趣，他們分別是1660年，這兩位學者幫助組建了英國皇家學會，來推廣實證性的科學研究。所以我們可以推斷出本題目爲TRUE。

Question 38

答案： popular

關鍵詞：original

定位原文: 第5段最後1句

解題思路: 此處要填一個與original相對的詞，故popular最合適。

Question 39

答案： Principia

關鍵詞: encyclopedia

定位原文: 第4段最後1句

解題思路: 通過旁邊的縱欄我們瞭解到英文是用來書寫大百科全書的，而橫欄又告訴我們此處需要一個例子，於是我們需要填寫的就是用拉丁文書寫的一個範例，所以填Principia。

Question 40

答案： local

關鍵詞：audience

定位原文: 第5段第3句

解題思路: 通過橫欄的audience一詞我們找到了第五段。拉丁文的目標讀者是國際學者，而英文的目標讀者則更廣泛，也更本地化。

劍橋雅思閱讀5test2翻譯及答案

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