郵輪是空氣污染重災區 空氣質量比嚴重污染城市更差
受夠了污染嚴重的城市，想坐郵輪去感受大海清新的空氣？小心，你在郵輪上呼吸到的可能會是“毒氣”。研究發現，郵輪上的空氣很糟，含有大量微粒污染物，甚至比世界上污染最嚴重的城市空氣質量更差。
Levels of pollution on some cruise ships' decks are worse than in the world's most polluted cities, an investigation by Channel 4 Dispatches has found.
英國第四頻道《深入報道》節目調查發現，郵輪甲板上的空氣污染程度超過了世界上污染最嚴重的城市。
The undercover investigation on Britain's biggest crew operator P&O Cruises aimed to find out how clean the air holidaymakers breathe when on a ship is.
這項祕密調查針對英國最大的郵輪機構P&O郵輪公司進行，他們的目的是弄清楚度假的人們在遊輪上呼吸的空氣有多新鮮。
It focused on the levels of "ultra-fine particles" found in the air and around the cruise ship and emitted from the fuel the ships' engines burn.
這次調查主要關注空氣中、郵輪周邊以及遊輪燃油排放出來的“超細顆粒”含量。
But while passengers hope to escape the dirty air of cities for some fresh sea air, the investigation found cruise ships are having a negative impact on the environment. One cruise ship can emit as much particulate matter as a million cars in a day.
遊輪乘客們都希望遠離空氣污濁的城市感受大海清新的空氣，可是調查卻顯示郵輪對環境有害。一艘遊輪排放的顆粒物竟然相當於一百萬臺汽車一天的排放量。
Meanwhile cruise ships are becoming more popular with around two million people from the UK travelling on one every year.
然而隨着郵輪越來越受人歡迎，每年都會有大約兩百萬英國人乘坐郵輪旅行。
By using a P-Trak ultra-fine particle counter, Dispatches said it was able to measure the levels of the ultra-fine particulates on board the P&O Cruises' ship Oceana, which can carry more than 2,000 passengers.
P&O海洋號郵輪可以承載兩千多名乘客，《深入報道》表明他們使用了P-Trak超細顆粒計數器測量這艘郵輪上的超細顆粒含量。
The device found that the air on the deck downwind of, and directly next to the ship's funnels, had 84,000 ultra-fine particulates per cubic centimetre.
計數器檢測結果顯示，在郵輪甲板上煙囪背風處的位置，超細顆粒含量爲每立方厘米84000個。
Directly next to the funnels on the deck, the numbers rocketed to 144,000 with a peak at 226,000.
在甲板上緊挨着煙囪的位置，超細顆粒含量上升到了每立方厘米144000個，峯值能達到每立方厘米226000個。
This is more than double the average found in central London's Piccadilly Circus, where using the same device, the Dispatches team recorded 38,400 ultra-fine particulates per cubic centimetre.
節目組的檢測人員還使用同樣的計數器，檢測到倫敦中部皮卡迪利廣場的超細顆粒含量爲每立方厘米38400個。甲板上的數據是廣場中心的兩倍多。
While the deck is popular with sun-bathers, passengers are likely to be breathing some of these particulates, which are harmful for health and the environment.
遊客們聚集在甲板上曬太陽的時候，很可能就在吸入一些超細顆粒，而這些顆粒對健康和環境都有害。
Speaking to Dispatches, Dr Matthew Loxham said: "It is clear from those results that there are certain areas of the ship that are affected by quite high levels of particulate matter.
馬修•羅斯漢姆博士在節目中說：“從這些結果中可以看出，郵輪上某些位置的空氣受到了大量微粒物質的污染。”
"These are levels that you would expect to see in the most polluted cities in the world like Delhi and so on."
“而這種污染程度只有在像德里那樣污染最嚴重的城市纔會看到。”
Looking at the results, Dr Loxham also said the findings suggested the majority of the particulates were coming directly from the ship's funnels.
羅斯漢姆博士說，調查結果還顯示出絕大多數的微粒都是從郵輪的煙囪中排放出來的。
He said: "Short term exposure can cause increasing respiratory symptoms. People who are asthmatic for example, that might give them a wheeze. Similarly for people with cardiovascular disease. Now that is not to say that these levels of particulates on this ship are going to do that but there is much evidence out there to suggest that increase levels of particulates can cause these symptoms."
他說：“與污染空氣短時間的接觸可能導致呼吸道症狀增加。如果有人是哮喘病患者，他就會變得氣喘吁吁，患心血管疾病的人也會有相似症狀。雖然調查不能證明這些症狀是郵輪上的微粒含量導致的，但是很多現象都顯示出微粒含量升高就會引起這些呼吸道症狀。”
Dr Loxham added that crew members working on the ship and who experienced repeated exposure could experience symptoms "that we are just starting to understand".
羅斯漢姆博士還說，那些遊輪上的工作人員和經常暴露在污染氣體中的人，也會有呼吸道症狀，而“我們才知道這是怎麼回事。”
Speaking to the Dispatches team, Daniel Rieger, of the German environment association NABU (Nature And Biodiversity Conservation Union), said: “Ships cause not only greenhouse gas emissions, but also sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter.
丹尼爾•裏格爾在德國環境保護協會NABU（德國自然和生物多樣性保護聯盟）工作，他在節目中說：“郵輪不僅僅會排放溫室氣體，還釋放硫氧化物、氮氧化物以及微粒物質。”
"Per day one cruise ship emits as much particulate matter as a million cars. So 30 cruise ships pollute as much as all the cars in the United Kingdom.”
“一艘遊輪每天排放的顆粒物相當於一百萬臺汽車的排放量，那麼30艘郵輪的污染程度就相當於英國所有汽車引發污染的總和。”
John Maggs, president of the Clean Shipping Coalition, also told Dispatches: “Most large ships burn heavy fuel oil. It’s a residual product from the refining industry, so after the refiners have produced the petrol and diesel we put in our cars, they’re left with what is essentially a waste product. It’s called residual fuel, or heavy fuel oil.
清潔航運聯盟負責人約翰·馬格斯也和節目組說：“大多數郵輪都燒重燃油，那是煉油產業的殘餘產物。煉油機產出汽車用的汽油和柴油之後，剩下的基本都是廢料產物。這些廢料產物就叫剩餘燃油或者重燃油。”
"From an environmental point of view, it’s bad because of the air pollution caused by the very high sulphur content. The shipping industry, however, has traditionally liked it because it’s much cheaper than other fuels.”
“重燃油由於硫含量很高，污染環境，所以從環保角度來說這種油不好。但是因爲重燃油比其他燃料便宜，所以航運產業一直偏愛它。”
Responding to the findings revealed by the investigation, P&O Cruises said: “Since 2005 we have reduced our fuel consumption by 28 percent, with the accompanying reduction in air emissions.”
P&O郵輪公司對調查結果做出迴應說：“我們從2005年至今，燃油消耗量減少了28%，污染氣體排放量也隨之減少。”
It added that the Oceana is to be fitted with "exhaust gas cleaning systems, which have been installed on 60 ships across its brands".
他們還表示要給海洋號郵輪配備“廢氣淨化系統，他們船隊已經有60艘遊輪安裝了這種系統。”
"This action significantly improves the quality of air emissions. Soot and particulate matter reductions in excess of 80 percent have been achieved.”
“這個措施會明顯提升氣體排放質量。煤煙以及微粒物質已經減少了超過80%。”
P&O also said that in 2014 it had reduced CO2 emissions by 20 percent and had "renewed its goal to continue reducing the rate”.
P&O郵輪公司還補充說，他們在2014年已經減少了20%的二氧化碳排放量，而且他們還“爲繼續降低污染物排放設定了新目標”。
It said: “The health, safety and welfare of guests and crew across all our ships is our absolute highest priority… We recognise that there is a public interest… related to particulate matter and related health issues”.
他們說：“我們承認……微粒物質污染和健康問題事關公衆利益……遊輪上所有遊客和船員的健康、安全和幸福纔是我們最重視的。”
