伊萬卡在印度的時尚外交成功了嗎

Where is the line between culturally appropriate dress and cultural appropriation?

符合文化的着裝與文化挪用之間的界線是什麼？

It was hard to look at Ivanka Trump’s wardrobe during her India trip this week and not ask the question. After all, from her opening mother-of-pearl embroidered jacket to her final kurta dress, she swerved from her usual pencil skirts and high heels to make her clothes part of the content of her communications. And there were many: two and a half days, six looks, all excitedly chronicled by local style watchers.

看着伊萬卡·特朗普(Ivanka Trump)在本週的印度之旅中的着裝，你難免會想到這個問題。畢竟，從一開始穿的珍珠母繡花上衣，到最後穿的庫爾塔連衣裙，她一改通常的鉛筆半身裙和高跟鞋風格，讓着裝成爲她溝通內容的一部分。還有其他很多服裝：兩天半，六個造型——它們都被當地的時尚觀察者們興奮地記錄了下來。

Indeed, Ms. Trump, in Hyderabad, the capital of the southern Indian state of Telangana, to lead the United States delegation to the eighth annual Global Entrepreneurship Summit, had begun making headlines with fashion even before she arrived. Critics pointed out what they called the hypocrisy of Ivanka Trump (the individual) in making a speech on the importance of female empowerment and equality, when Ivanka Trump (the company) is believed to employ low-wage workers in countries such as … India.

事實上，在伊萬卡·特朗普帶領美國代表團前往印度南部特倫甘納州首府海得拉巴出席第八屆全球創業峯會(Global Entrepreneurship Summit)之前，她已經因爲時裝上過新聞了。批評者們認爲伊萬卡·特朗普很虛僞，她發表關於女性權利與平等的重要性的演講，可是據傳，她的伊萬卡·特朗普時裝公司卻在印度等國僱傭低薪工人。

Ms. Trump did not address the issue during her various speeches and panels, but she did use dress in a notable way.

伊萬卡·特朗普在各種演講和座談中沒有提到這個問題，但她利用着裝的方式的確引人注目。

Unlike her stepmother, Melania Trump, who seemed uninterested in leveraging fashion for political capital during her tour through Asia with President Trump, Ivanka Trump seemed to have embraced the idea wholeheartedly. If, at least at the beginning, a little one-dimensionally.

梅拉尼婭·特朗普(Melania Trump)在與特朗普總統訪問亞洲期間，似乎對於利用着裝獲取政治資本沒有興趣，與繼母不同，伊萬卡·特朗普似乎完全接受這個想法。儘管至少在剛開始的時候，她的想法有點單一。

On Monday evening, for example, she made her initial appearance in a Tory Burch “Sylvia” jacket: a black style covered in mother-of-pearl embroidery that called to mind Indian prints and architecture. As it happens, Hyderabad is historically known as “the city of pearls.”

例如，週一晚上，她初次亮相時穿的是湯麗柏琦(Tory Burch)的西爾維亞(Sylvia)外衣：一款佈滿珍珠母刺繡的黑色外衣，讓人聯想起印度的印花和建築。事實上，海得拉巴在歷史上被稱爲“珍珠之城”。

Get it?!

明白了嗎?!

Then, on Tuesday, Ms. Trump donned a green brocade Erdem tea-length dress with pink and yellow flowers that some commentators likened to traditional Indian anarkali style, complete with keyhole neckline. (Some others likened it to wallpaper).

然後，在週二，伊萬卡穿的是Erdem牌鎖孔領口、綠底粉黃花朵織錦茶會連衣裙，有些評論家認爲它有點像印度傳統的阿納爾卡利(anarkali)風格（也有人把它比作牆紙）。

And that evening, though breathless rumors had abounded earlier in the week that she was going to wear a sari gown specially made by the Indian designer Neeta Lulla, a favorite of Bollywood stars, in fact she wore another Tory Burch creation: a long-sleeved, round-necked gown with stylized gold floral embroidery that again had an ersatz Indian theme.

儘管本週早些時候流傳着驚人的謠言，說她要穿深受寶萊塢明星喜愛的印度設計師妮塔·露拉(Neeta Lulla)專門爲她製作的莎麗，但實際上，她穿的是湯麗柏琦的另一款長袖圓領金花刺繡的禮服——還是僞印度主題。

According to a spokeswoman for Ms. Lulla, the sari gown had been made as a welcome gesture. It would have been a pretty big statement if Ms. Trump had worn it, but all the Tory Burch was also interesting, given Ms. Burch’s very vocal support of female entrepreneurs — her foundation has a fellows program geared specifically to support women starting their own businesses — and her brand’s contemporary-ish price points. (Admittedly, the dress costs $3,498, but it’s cheaper than the Dior that Melania Trump favors; plus Ms. Trump wore Zara mules repeatedly during the trip, which is relatively budget-conscious of her).

據露拉的發言人稱，那件莎麗禮服是爲了表示歡迎而製作的。如果伊萬卡真的穿了它，那將是一個非常重要的聲明，不過湯麗柏琦的那些衣服也很有趣，因爲它們的設計師伯奇(Burch)女士大力聲援女性創業者——她的基金會有一個會員項目，專門支持女性開創自己的公司——而且該品牌的價位也比較符合當代特點（當然，那條裙子的售價高達3498美元，但它比梅拉尼婭·特朗普鍾愛的迪奧要便宜得多；此外，伊萬卡在這次旅行中多次穿着Zara的服裝，那是她行頭中比較便宜的牌子）。

Not that Tory Burch (the company) seemed particularly excited about Ms. Trump’s patronage. “We don’t work with Ivanka at all,” a spokeswoman said by email when asked about it.

湯麗柏琦公司似乎並沒有對伊萬卡的惠顧感到特別興奮。當被問及此事時，該公司的一位發言人稱：“我們完全沒有與伊萬卡合作。”

Though Indian style watchers were generally positive about the dinner dress and pleased that Ms. Trump had abandoned her usual garb for more demure, covered-up styles, there was some griping. DailyO, an online opinion site from the India Today Group, deemed it all a “superficial assimilation of culture” that was compounded by the “floral gown that looked like a ‘me-too’ of a Kashmiri pheran.”

儘管印度的時尚觀察者們普遍對那件晚宴禮服表示讚賞，很高興伊萬卡放棄一貫的裝束，選擇更端莊、更少暴露的風格，但也有人表示不滿。印度今日集團(India Today Group)的在線評論網站DailyO認爲這些都是“膚淺的文化融合”，“那件印花禮服看起來更像是克什米爾服裝”。

Bandana Tewari, the editor at large of Vogue India, said, “If Ivanka’s clothes are to be an acknowledgment of an ancient and rich culture like ours, especially as she arrives as a dignitary, then the sartorial ‘tribute’ should be authentic in its intention. We would rather see her wear a hand-woven sari made in our country or a handmade gown made in her own country. But to hybridize the two, in an era of unfiltered diversity, is a superfluous nod to half-acceptance.”

《Vogue》雜誌印度版的特約編輯班達娜·特瓦里(Bandana Tewari)表示，“如果伊萬卡想通過着裝對我們這樣古老而豐富的文化表示認同，尤其是當她作爲要員來到這裏時，那麼服裝方面的‘致敬’在用意方面應該更純正。我們更願意看到她身穿我們國家制作的手工莎麗，或者由她的國家制作的手工禮服。但是，在這個未經過濾的多元時代，將這兩者混合到一起只是一種多餘的表示，表明她並非完全接納這種文化。”

And therein lies the problem.

問題就出在這裏。

While on the one hand it is nice to see someone in the Trump administration make an effort to leverage the possibilities of tactical dress, the interpretation was largely through the lens of the outsider looking in. The selections had echoes of orientalism and ornamentation — just as Ms. Trump’s choice of a kimono-inspired dress, complete with obi belt, by the Colombian designer Johanna Ortiz, did in Japan earlier this month. And just as Melania Trump’s Gucci gown with faux Chinese embroidery did during the Trumps’ state visit to China.

雖然我們很高興看到特朗普政府中有人試圖利用服裝作爲一種戰術，但是對它們的解讀大多是通過局外人的視角進行的。這些服裝反映了東方主義和裝飾風格，正如本月早些時候，伊萬卡在訪問日本時選擇了哥倫比亞設計師約翰娜·奧爾蒂斯(Johanna Ortiz)設計的和服風格禮服，搭配和服寬腰帶。特朗普夫婦對中國進行國事訪問時，梅拉尼婭也是選擇了一件帶有仿製中國刺繡的古馳(Gucci)禮服。

Instead of wearing work by a designer that spoke to the nuances of the country (a tactic adopted often by Michelle Obama, for example), Ms. Trump opted, at least initially, for the most obvious: clothes by outsiders who dipped into their fantasy of India as opposed to its reality.

特朗普沒有穿着反映這個國家微妙精髓的設計師的服裝（那是米歇爾·奧巴馬[Michelle Obama]經常採用的策略），而是選擇了——至少在一開始是這樣——最淺白的：一些局外人設計的服裝，反映的是他們對印度的幻想，而非事實。

Which is probably why the dress she wore to a session on Wednesday, by the London-based, Bombay-born designer Saloni Lodha, a red floral print with black lace trim at the sleeves, stood out.

這很可能是她週三在一個座談會上穿的裙子脫穎而出的原因，那條裙子是孟買出生的倫敦設計師薩洛尼·洛達(Saloni Lodha)設計的，一條袖子有黑色蕾絲邊的紅色印花裙。

As Ms. Lodha says on her website: “I always keep in mind my Indian heritage while designing but don’t translate it literally into our clothes. I think the way we, as a brand, celebrate bold colors and patterns is our way of bringing the spirit of India into the collections.”

正如洛達在自己的網站上說的：“我設計時始終沒有忘記自己的印度傳統，但我不會直白地把它反映到我們的服裝上。我認爲，作爲一個品牌，我們發揚大膽色彩和圖案的方式是將印度的精神帶到我們的服裝系列中。”

“Spirit,” instead of, say, stereotype.

“精神”，而不是刻板印象。

Still, from there Ms. Trump went even further: After she appeared in a cream-and-black lace dress by the Indonesian designer Biyan Wanaatmadja to tour the Golconda Fort in Telangana State, she chose to make her departure in a traditional kurta dress in ivory and green.

不過，從那之後，伊萬卡走得更遠了：在遊覽特倫甘納州的戈爾孔達堡壘(Golconda Fort)時，她穿的是印尼設計師碧妍·瓦納特馬達(Biyan Wanaatmadja)設計的一件奶油色加黑色蕾絲連衣裙；她離開印度時，選擇了一件象牙色加綠色傳統庫爾塔連衣裙。

She looked “like an Indian Barbie doll” the news outlet India Today said, with apparent approval. Whether that was actually the last impression Ms. Trump wanted to leave on a trip that was supposed to be about “women first” is not entirely clear.

新聞門戶網站今日印度(India Today)稱，她看起來“像個印度芭比娃娃”，顯然是表示認可。這是否真的是伊萬卡想在這次本應關於“女性優先”的訪問中留下的最後印象，就不是特別清楚了。