世界上十大罕見的自然現象(下)
nado
5.陣旋風Gustnado is the term used for a brief tornado that's completely separate from the main thunderstorm that usually spawns regular tornadoes. In 2012 a severe thunderstorm spawned a gustnado at the edge of a high-speed wind in southeast Wisconsin. This rare phenomenon stunned the local fire department, who rushed to the aid of people caught up in the storm.
陣旋風是一種短暫的龍捲風，完全從雷暴中分離出來，通常會帶來有規律的龍捲風。2012年，一場劇烈的雷暴所帶來的陣旋風以極高的風速襲擊了威斯康辛州的東南部。這場罕見的天氣現象震驚了當地的消防部門，他們緊急援助了被困在風暴中的人們。
A gustnado isn't as strong as a tornado and is formed when a downpour of rain draws cold air down with it from the inside of a storm. The cold air that's forced downward with the rain hits the ground hard and then spouts a gust of wind, which in turn becomes a gustnado. A severe gustnado usually forms when a lot of the cold gusts formed on the ground mix with the hot air there. Gustnadoes only last for a few minutes, but they're still capable of inflicting some serious damage on their surroundings.
陣旋風的強度不同於龍捲風，它的形成是由於傾盆大雨將暴風雨中的冷空氣一起帶下來。雨水推動着冷空氣向下猛烈地衝擊地面，而後噴射出一陣風，從而形成了陣旋風。當地面上有大量的冷風混合着熱空氣形成的時候，劇烈的陣旋風通常會隨之形成。陣旋風通常只持續幾分鐘，但仍然會對周圍的環境造成嚴重的破壞。
rsion Clouds
4.逆溫雲
Just after Thanksgiving in 2013, visitors at the Grand Canyon noticed something weird — the canyon was rapidly filling up with a thick fog. Tourists were left in awe when the fog rolled into the park and eventually formed what looked like a waterfall of clouds. This weather anomaly is known as an inversion.
2013年，就在感恩節之後，大峽谷的遊客們注意到一件奇怪的事——一種濃霧正迅速地填滿峽谷。旅行者們陷入恐慌，濃霧席捲整個公園，最後看起來就像是雲瀑布。這種異常的天氣現象就是逆溫。An inversion is caused by cold air remaining near the ground and warmer air moving over it. The inversion at the Grand Canyon started when a storm moved through just before the holiday, causing the ground to freeze. When the warmer air then moved through afterward, the beautiful inversion phenomenon took place. Rangers at the park confirmed that much smaller inversions occur fairly often, but the larger ones that fill up the entire Canyon only happen every ten years or so. This one lasted the whole day, with the fog only dissipating when it started getting dark.
逆溫的形成是由於冷空氣停留在了近地面，而溫度更高的空氣持續上升。在節日的前一天，一場暴風雨襲擊了大峽谷，導致地面冰凍，從而出現了逆溫。隨後，當溫暖的氣流開始向上移動，就帶來了美麗的逆溫現象。公園管理員表示，小範圍的逆溫現象相當常見，但大範圍的發生於整個峽谷的逆溫現象大約十年才發生一次。這次的現象持續了一整天，霧氣直到夜色降臨時才逐漸散去。r Tsunami
3.太陽海嘯
2013 was a good year for rare weather events. In the middle of the year, two satellites caught something unusual happening on the surface of the sun. A tsunami was rolling on its surface as a reaction to an ejection of matter into space.
2013年年中時，兩顆衛星監測到太陽表面出現了不尋常的現象。一場“海嘯”正在其表面滾動，這是日冕物質拋射進入太空所產生的反應。The injection and subsequent solar tsunami gave scientists a greater understanding of the dynamics of a tsunami and how they occur on Earth. The Japanese satellite Hindoe and the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) are instrumental in researching events that happen on the sun, and they both study its ultraviolet light to establish the exact conditions on the surface. Hindoe was also thought to have gathered enough data for experts to finally figure out why the corona of the sun is thousands of degrees hotter than its surface. It was during all of this research that scientists became aware of shock waves following the matter ejection. This incident was very similar to the movement of a tsunami on Earth after an earthquake has taken place. The shock waves are very rare, making a solar tsunami a rare phenomenon as well.
拋射以及隨後的太陽海嘯使科學家們能更好地理解海嘯的動力機制及其在地球上的成因。日本衛星Hindoe與太陽動力學天文臺（SDO）專門蒐集太陽上發生的事件，並一同研究太陽紫外線，以確定太陽表面的準確情況。Hindoe還爲專家們收集了足夠多的證據，能夠幫助專家計算出爲何太陽日冕層比太陽表面要灼熱上千度。在整個研究過程中，科學家逐漸意識到，日冕物質拋射後，隨之而至的是衝擊波。這一現象與地球上地震後隨之發生海嘯相似。衝擊波很少見，因此也使太陽海嘯成爲非常少見的現象。r Refraction
2.超折射
Also in 2013, people living in northern Ohio woke up one morning and were stunned to find that they could see all the way to the Canadian shoreline. This is not at all possible under normal circumstances because of the way the Earth is curved. However, locals were able to see all the way to Canada because of a rare natural phenomenon known as super refraction, where rays of light are bent downward toward the surface of Earth. The rays are bent this way because of changes in air density. During this light-bending, far-off objects can be seen that are usually hidden from view because they're reflected in the rays of light. The light from the sun had bent so far down over Lake Erie that the refraction made the Canadian shoreline visible from more than fifty miles away.
還是在2013年，居住在美國俄亥俄州的人們清早醒來，愕然發現他們竟然可以一直看到加拿大的海岸線。這在正常情況下是不可能的，因爲地面上的道路是曲折的。然而，當地人之所以能一直看到加拿大，是由於超折射這一罕見的自然現象，光線向下彎曲折向地面。光線之所以會如此彎曲是由於空氣密度的改變。發生光線曲變時，可以看見那些通常看不到的遙遠物體，因爲它們可以在光線中反映出來。太陽光從很遠的地方彎折向伊利湖，折射使五十英里以外的加拿大海岸線也呈現在人們眼前。spheric Blocking
1.大氣阻塞
Atmospheric blocking is quite possibly the rarest weather event on Earth, which is good because it's also one of the most dangerous. It happens when a high pressure system gets stuck and can't move from one place to another. Depending on the type of system it can either lead to flooding or extremely hot and dry conditions.
大氣阻塞很可能是地球上最罕見的天氣現象。它的發生是由於高壓系統受阻，無法移動到其他地方。由於這種系統的類型，它可能會引發洪水或極端炎熱與乾旱的天氣。An example of atmospheric blocking is the 2003 European heat wave that killed 70,000 people. The high-pressure system that became stuck in this instance was very powerful and blocked any relieving fronts from passing. In 2010, 15,000 Russians were killed by a heat wave caused by another blocking incident. And in 2004 atmospheric blocking in Alaska caused such hot temperatures that glaciers started melting and large forest fires started up in the area. It's not always doom and gloom, though — in another 2004 blocking, positive effects were noted in Missouri as temperatures remained pleasant and eventually produced fantastic crops.
大氣阻塞的一個例子是2003年席捲歐洲的熱浪，造成了70000人死亡。在這次事件中，受阻的高壓系統非常強勁，阻塞了所有能夠緩解的鋒面過境。2010年，15000名俄羅斯人喪命於另一大氣阻塞所帶來的熱浪中。2004年，發生在阿拉斯加的大氣阻塞帶來了高溫天氣，冰蓋融化，並在這一地區引發了大量的森林火災。儘管如此，大氣阻塞所帶來的也並非都是厄運和破壞——2004年的另一場大氣阻塞給密蘇里州帶來了積極影響，使這一地區溫度適宜並最終種植出了優良的農作物。翻譯：趙倩 來源：前十網
