託福寫作經典結構——5段式結構
託福寫作考試中，邏輯結構十分的重要。從衆多的高分做文裏大家也可以看出，高分作文的結構都是5段式，俗稱5段式總分總的結構。那麼這種結構是什麼樣子呢?下面就跟小編一起來學習一下吧。
託福寫作經典結構——5段式結構
常用iBT文章結構-適用於comparison & contrast essay和argument essay.
不論是comparison & contrast essay還是argument essay，它們的文章結構基本相同。分爲3大部分和5段結構(Point-by-Point Format), 也許有人喜歡4段(即Block Format),但就初來乍到者，我還是建議他們使用Point-by-Point Format, 並且依據我老師的經驗(Jeff)來看，北美人更加喜歡這種結構(其實因爲這些老外每天都要批閱幾十篇文章，他們已經不閱讀文章的內容，僅僅是審查文章的結構和詞彙，他們沒有時間去對比Block Format結構中的問題或者論點)，這令我很吃驚，這與國內老師的意見相駁或者相反。
這篇經驗我想用一個例子(Coffee and tea)來向大家解釋，有可能我的例子不是很好，或者論點有些可笑，不過我想大家還是要記住，老外已經在iBT中說明，他們不關心你的論點(Issue/Top Sentences) 和論據(Details/Evidence)是否合情合理，只關心你的論據(Details/Evidence)是否可以證明你的論點，僅此而已。大家在稍後的文章中可以看到，我的3個論點中的2個比較controversial, 但是，在我的Detail中支持的好就可以了。
首先，談一談5段式結構和Body Paragraph的結構：
Introduction Paragraph：Say what you are going to say.
這個我想不用我多說了，就是文章的“引子”，你的文章是否有高分，這個很重要。這樣的句子不要出現，例如：In my essay, I will demonstrate…。下面的句子Jeff稱之爲Ok Sentence,即可以出現的句子，例如：Tea is the best drink in the world. 或者可以使用五星級的句子，例如：Although Coke is becoming more popular, it can not replace China's love of tea.
Background / Definition: 重新描述問題，但是不要使用老外給你的題目原話，這裏我可以說，如果你使用了原話，不會對你的文章產生任何不好的影響，只是你不會在這裏拿到應該得到的分數而已。你可以寫成爲 Tea is the most popular hot drink in the world.
Thesis: 中心句，如果文章不是argument essay，請不要直接在句子中表達自己的意見或者用一種General的形式來表達大家的意見, 例如：Tea is the world's favorite drink because it provides health benefits, it is less expensive, and it is available in many varieties.
Forecasting: 見關鍵詞解釋。Because後面的3個簡單句就是Forecasting。
Body Paragraph I:
Top Sentence: First，Tea is healthier to drink. (OK-Sentence)Jeff推薦的句子Drank by million of people, tea is… (分詞開頭-ed)，再如：Improving your health, tea is drank…(動名詞開頭-ing)，又如：For thousands of years, tea is…(General 開頭)
Detail: 這個不用多說了，就是要把你的例子舉出來了。For example, people who drink tea, live longer, healthier lives than these who drink coffee.
Befriend:這個是重點了，要把拳頭收回來。例如：Although coffee is good for your health, it cause heart attacks in large amounts.
Support:這個時候需要你利用你事實作爲拳頭伸出去，例如：In fact, heart attacks are one of the leading causes of death, so tea is a better drink according to doctor's suggestion.
Concluding Sentence:最後要簡單扼要的總結一下，你在這段的論點和論據，其原理就像是簡易書架，你只有兩邊都有支撐的面，你的書纔不會向沒有支撐面的那邊倒去。可能有些朋友認爲這個比較麻煩或者多餘，不過我還是建議大家要包含這個部分，例如：To sum up, tea is healthier in several ways compared to coffee.
Body Paragraph II: 結構如上述，我就不多說了。
Body Paragraph III: 同上。
Conclusion Paragraph: 關於Conclusion我還是要多說兩句，通常老外喜歡用Conclusion作爲整篇文章的結尾用詞，而用to sum up等作爲段落的總結。例如：Despite the fact that coffee consumption is increasing, it will never be as beneficial as tea. Tea is less expensive, comes in more varieties, and is healthier. In conclusion, tea will remain the best drink until humans invent something better.
順便提及一下，有的朋友會問，是否可以變化一下Body Paragraph的結構，我的建議是不要變化，不信的話，您可以自己嘗試一下把你的文章重新排一下，您就會知道這裏面的區別了。
再談一下comparison & contrast essay 和argument essay的區別：
在我看來，它們之間的區別有兩點。第一點，作者的視角不同。何謂視角不同?即當你寫argument essay的時候，你需要在Introduction Paragraph中的Thesis中表達作者支持哪一方面。第二點，對比方面在文章中所佔的份額，即如果你在寫comparison & contrast essay時，比例爲40%(一方面的優點)和60%(另一方面的優點和缺點)，雖然是comparison & contrast essay, 但是我想作爲作者，你怎麼也要表達一下自己的意見或者意圖，讓讀者明白你是雖然在作兩件事物的比較，但是還是有你的偏好在裏面(喜歡Reading的朋友會有這種體會)。在寫argument essay 時，比例爲10%(敵對方的缺點)和90%(支持方的優點針對敵方缺點和無傷大雅的支持方缺點)。
最後談一下在我們寫作是要注意的問題。
1. 要多使用連接詞來轉換讀者的視角和給出你自己的例子。不要讓讀者自己通過文章內容來轉換視角，這樣的文章不適用於考試，而適用於你自己的寫作中或者長篇論文中。
2. 通常，我都是在寫開頭的時候，順便把文章的結尾一併寫好，因爲文章開頭和結尾的結構相似。可以節省時間。
3. 一定要花時間來檢查文章中的詞彙是否正確以及必要的時候要用更好的句型來優化你的寫作。有很多朋友覺得時間不夠，所以不檢查自己的文章，我想既然你用鍵盤輸入你的文章，就一定有錯誤的時候，況且那個時候比較緊張。我作爲視計算機爲自己一部分的人，每次給客戶，朋友和同事回信的時候，我都要檢查一下。以免讓人家笑話或者引起爭議。
名師解答託福寫作那些疑惑
Q1： 託福獨立寫作是否中間一定要寫三段?
不是的。不要用段落的數量去衡量一篇文章是否好。而是看你能否用你自己的論據去清楚合理地論證文章主旨。 每一段展開一定要言之有物，切不可泛泛而談，講空洞的大道理。每個點展開都應該是specific, not general; concrete, not abstract. 也就是說要給出有效的細節或者例子。官方指南P335 的滿分範文，也就兩個支持段。所以段落的多少和文章是否拿到高分沒有必然關係。分論點不是越多越好，而是每一個分論點能夠講的越清楚越詳細越好。單純的羅列的分論點是拿不到高分的。
Q2： 獨立獨立寫作字數是否越多越好?
在官方指南中有這麼一句話
“An effective response is typically about 300 words long。 If you write fewer than 300 words，you may still receive a top score，but experience has shown that shorter responses typically do not demonstrate the development of ideas needed to earn a score of 5。”也就是說官方指南中明確表明如果字數不達到300字不能合理的論證你的觀點，就不能拿到一個比較理想的分數。在思路清晰，論證充實，且語法錯誤沒有的情況下，字數肯定越多越好。但是很多同學會進入一個寫作誤區，一味的追求字數，把本來簡單的意思非要複雜化，講的特別囉嗦。這樣的同學不僅不能拿到高分，反而還會影響考官的閱卷，覺得你的文章很羅嗦累贅。考官讀起來也會很累。
Q3: 是否需要背誦好的模板句型?
相比較背誦好的句型，我更建議同學們準備好的話題素材。根據2016年一年的獨立寫作考題分析，常考的話題教育類，政府類，科學類話，領導、工作、交友等。同學們可以根據這些話題準備常用的短語表達，考試的時候才能言之有物。
Q4：託福獨立寫作是否用越高大上的詞越好?
講的越清楚越好，越貼合語境越好。越是高大上的詞，通常都是低頻詞，也就是意味着他們所能搭配的語境是比較侷限的，並不是所有的句子裏面都能使用。 如果整篇文章都是比較基礎的詞彙，偶爾來幾個特別難詞，反而會破壞文章原來的一致性。而且考官評分的時候也不會你使用了三四個生僻詞而給你高分，肯定是從文章整體的可讀性來進行判斷。在官方指南P287中有這麼一句話：The writer does not use high-level vocabulary, but word choice is correct throughout.
Q5： 託福寫作是不是多寫寫就可以拿到高分?
很多時候學生覺得自己文章寫了挺多的了，爲什麼好像分數一直上不去。 這是什麼原因呢? 中國有一個成語叫‘閉門造車’。寫作作爲一個輸出類的考試，每個同學一定要進行輸入，去看別人寫的好文章，並且有意識的總結和歸納。 如果有時間，最好能夠進行仿寫。寫完之後將自己的文章和原文進行比對。如果一味的輸出，不去找自己的問題，不去改進，也很難得到提升。現在所有的學生我都會讓他們每天堅持仿寫一段文章，大部分同學表示堅持半個月之後，會明顯發現自己有話可說了，不會詞窮了。
Q6： 平時練習好像感覺還可以，考試的時候分數比較差，這是爲什麼?
之前我也帶過幾個學生平時寫的作文內容挺好的，講的也很清楚，上課也很認真，但是考試的時候分數就一直在23以下上不去。在考試之後發現這一些同學，平時很少限時完成作業，給自己一個小時，有的甚至跟多的時間去慢慢構思。這是完全不可以的，實際上，這類同學一旦限時，很多問題都會暴露出來。因此，在臨近考試前一定要計時訓練，這樣才能找到考試的感覺。
Q7: 名人的例子是不是一定比普通的例子要好?
都一樣，問題的關鍵是你能否清楚地表明你爲何要用這個例子，以及你自己對於這個例子的看法和分析。並不要求使用有名、複雜的例子，儘管這些例子可能論證力更強。個人經歷就是一種很好寫的例子。閱卷人並不會按照論據的複雜性來看文章。(當然如果你有獨特的例子肯定是更好的，如果沒有也不需要強求。)
Q8： 綜合寫作字數超了會有影響嘛?
不會。只要你回答的是準確切題的，就沒有任何問題，是肯定不會扣分的。官方指南中明確說到：‘Suggested length is between 150 and 225 words. You will not be penalized if you write more, so long as what you write answers the question.’
綜合寫作對學生的聽力要求比較高，所以同學們課下一定要好好練習聽力，這樣寫作才能衝高分。有些同學聽力寫了一丟丟，但是閱讀寫了一大堆，不管你的字數超沒超，綜合寫作分數都會很低。
Q9: 綜合寫作部分用模板會不會很俗?
這邊和大家強調一遍： 一定要區分有效的模板和無效的模板。 無效的模板是指每一篇文章都能套用的，不假思索就能寫的廢話。比如the first reason I want to put forward at the very beginning should be considered as …..，還有一些同學強行記憶一些開頭和結尾段的模板。這種不建議想在寫作拿高分的同學去使用，因爲毫無意義，特別囉嗦。(PS官方指南明確表明： Do not "memorize" long introductory and concluding paragraphs, just to add words to your essay.) 但是綜合寫作部分的模板，我們可以稱之爲答題的框架，可以讓你的結構更加清楚，而且考官更容易踩點，所以使用是沒有關係的。問題的關鍵是!!!你是否有skill去記錄所有的聽力內容，並且說明聽力在哪個點上反駁閱讀，這個纔是重點。
老師說
學習是一個循序漸進的過程，希望每一位童鞋都能夠踏踏實實，一步一個腳印，取得自己理想的分數哦。 No pains; no gains.
避免託福寫作五大錯誤開頭
一：中式英文人見人暈
典型失敗案例：Topic 1-The happiest moment in your life
In our life， there are always some moments which make your heart flower opened angrily……
Topic 2- The population problem
The population problem is a very big problem。 For example， in the city centers of Shanghai， we can always see people mountain people sea there。
Topic3- Is there fairness in today’s business world?
I think in today’s society， there is no fairness in the business world。 For example， I always chopped when I go out buy things……
Topic 4- The advantage of being a nice person
Being a nice person have many advantage。 I believe if a people always do bad things， he will get “baoying”。
二：廢話連篇不知所云
典型失敗案例： Topic 1-Should college students be allowed to get married?
This topic is very interesting。 I’m very interested in talking about this topic。 Because I’m also a college student and I’m not married……
修改方案：開門見山 直奔主題
In my opinion， it would not be a wise decision to allow college students to get married。
Topic 2-Will modern technology， such as the Internet， ever replace the book or the writing word as the sole source of information?
Ok， this topic is a very good topic。 First， let me tell you a story： I have a friend， he likes go on the internet very much。 Every day， he uses internet to read news or play internet games。 So we can see the internet is more and more important in our daily life。
Topic 3-The importance of environmental protection
Oh， this topic is surely very important。 Isn’t it? Of course! It’s really very very important!
三：語法錯誤慘不忍睹
典型失敗案例：Topic-If children behave badly， should their parents accept responsibility and also be punished?
About this problem， my think is if children behave badly， then parents are not right。 Because teach child is parent’s responsibility。 So we also punish parents too besides children is also should。
四：觀點模糊態度曖昧
典型失敗案例： Topic-Should college students be allowed to get married?
I think this topic is very hard to say。 Because I am still very little， only 17， and not married， so this topic is very difficult for me……
五：偏離主題無軌電車
典型失敗案例：Topic-It is said that nowadays one can not acquire the qualifications and quality essential to success through university education。 To what extent do you agree or disagree with the statement?
I think to success， we must have a lot of important qualities。 To have these important qualities， we must learn a lot of things， for example， English， music tools， and etc。 We can learn these qualities from our teachers， our friends and from books。 All in all， we can learn from many places。
託福寫作範文：應該接受家人還是政府的幫助
託福獨立寫作真題：
A/D: People can solve important problems in their daily life on their own or with the help from families; The help from the government is not necessary.
題目解析
題目大意：人們可以自己或通過家人的幫助來解決生活中的重大問題，所以政府的幫助是沒有必要的。波波建議此題目選擇不同意，即認爲政府的幫助還是很有必要的，思考分論點的方向使用拆分，對題目中的抽象名詞 important problems 拆分具體化爲環境問題和教育問題，然後分別展開。
託福獨立寫作題目：
Some teachers are just lecturing(speaking) on the class and students only take notes; some other teachers make their class time on discussion and projection and students sharing their ideas with their classmates. Which one do you prefer?
2016年11月13日託福獨立寫作題目：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People can solve important problems in daily life on their own or with the help from families, so the help from government is not necessary.
託福寫作模板及參考答案：
託福寫作範文參考一:
2016年11月13日託福獨立寫作範文：
In a society that changes as amazingly as ours, the role played by government in our daily life has been brought under the spotlight of mass media. Consequently, the general public and sociologists are wondering whether people can solve important problems individually or with the governmental support. Towards such a long running tug-of-war, I am inclined to claim that the help from government is necessary in the process of resolving important problems, especially in the aspects of protecting environment and addressing the disparity of educational resources.
In the first instance, consider the environmental issues. As is common sense, the deteriorating natural environment is so severe and complicated that the solution of such a problem is far beyond the reach of any individuals or families. The serious air pollution in China is a good case in point. Despite the fact that people can take some actions such as wearing masks or taking the public transportation to relieve the haze occurring frequently in the major cities of China in some degree, the problem cannot be radically solved. To illustrate, the major cause responsible for the smoggy weather is nothing but the emission of waste gas such as dust and smog from an appalling number of heavy-pollution factories. In this case, it is the government that can get rid of the fundamental cause by shutting down these plants and enacting laws or regulations to restrict their production, which can’t be achieved by any individuals.
In the second instance, the same logic goes to the educational problems. As is known to all, many school-age children in rural and remote areas are not able to receive education in school due to the lack of educational resources. According to a survey conducted by the Education Ministry in China in 2015, approximately 3 million kids in the Southwest of China didn’t have the chance to get educated on account of lacking in tables, textbooks and even spacious classrooms. When confronted with the issue mentioned above, what individuals or families can do is quite limited. Undoubtedly, only the government has the adequate financial resources and power to allocate educational resources to those places. For example, the government of China builds nearly 10,000 primary schools called Hope School in the distant places, which alleviates the disparity in educational resources between different regions to a large extent.
Judging from what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that although the ability of individual or families is becoming stronger and greater than before, the help from government is of great necessity in the course of solving significant problems, especially those in the areas of education and environment.
